UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

or

For the transition period from ________________ to __________________

Commission file number: 001-34951

Xtant Medical Holdings, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(406) 388-0480
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2023 was approximately $25.8 million (based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the last business day of the Company’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, as reported on the NYSE American).

The number of shares of the Company’s common stock, $0.000001 par value, outstanding as of March 25, 2024 was 130,216,541.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

None.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), and are subject to the safe harbor created by those sections. For more information, see “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

As used in this report, the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” “Xtant,” “Xtant Medical,” and the “Company” mean Xtant Medical Holdings, Inc. and our consolidated wholly-owned subsidiaries, unless the context indicates another meaning.

We own various unregistered trademarks and service marks, including our corporate logo. Solely for convenience, the trademarks and trade names in this report are referred to without the ® and ™ symbols, but such references should not be construed as any indicator that the owner of such trademarks and trade names will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto. We do not intend the use or display of other companies’ trademarks and trade names to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies. We include our website address throughout this report for reference only.

The information contained on or connected to our website is not incorporated by reference into this report.

We are a “smaller reporting company” as that term is defined in Rule 12b-2 promulgated under the Exchange Act. Accordingly, this report reflects the scaled reporting requirements of smaller reporting companies as set forth in Regulation S-K, promulgated under the Exchange Act.

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

The statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Our forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our “expectations,” “hopes,” “beliefs,” “intentions,” or “strategies” regarding the future. In addition, any statements that refer to projections, forecasts, or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should” and “would,” as well as similar expressions, may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward looking.

A forward-looking statement is neither a prediction nor a guarantee of future events or circumstances and those future events or circumstances may not occur. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Form 10-K. The forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-K are based on currently available operating, financial and competitive information and our current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on us. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties, or assumptions, many of which are beyond our control, which may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those factors described in the “Part I. Item 1.A. Risk Factors” section of this Form 10-K. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of our assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in these forward-looking statements. We are including this cautionary statement to make applicable and take advantage of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 for forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.

PART I

Item 1. Business

Overview

Xtant Medical Holdings, Inc. is a global medical technology company focused on the design, development, and commercialization of a comprehensive portfolio of orthobiologics and spinal implant fixation systems to facilitate spinal fusion in complex spine, deformity, and degenerative procedures. Our products are used by orthopedic spine surgeons and neurosurgeons to treat a variety of spinal disorders in the cervical, thoracolumbar, and interbody spine.

We promote and sell our products in the United States through independent distributors and stocking agents, supported by direct employees. We have an extensive distribution channel of commissioned independent agents and stocking agents in the United States representing some or all of our products. We also maintain a national accounts program to enable our agents to gain access to independent health delivery network hospitals and through group purchasing organizations (“GPOs”). We have biologics contracts with major GPOs, as well as extensive access to integrated delivery networks (“IDNs”) across the United States for both our biologics and spine hardware products. We promote and sell our products internationally through direct sales representatives and distribution partners in Canada, Mexico, Europe, South America, Australia, and certain Pacific region countries.

We have focused and intend to continue to focus primarily on four key growth initiatives: (1) introduce new products; (2) expand our distribution network; (3) penetrate adjacent markets; and (4) leverage our growth platform with technology and strategic acquisitions. While the intent of these four key growth initiatives is to increase our future revenues, no assurance can be provided that we will be successful in implementing these growth initiatives or increasing our future revenues.

Recent Acquisitions

Coflex and CoFix Product Lines

On February 28, 2023, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding capital stock of Surgalign SPV, Inc. (“Surgalign SPV”), a then indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Surgalign Holdings, Inc. (“Surgalign Holdings”), which held certain intellectual property, contractual rights and other assets related to the design, manufacture, sale and distribution of the Coflex and CoFix products in the United States, for an aggregate purchase price of $17.0 million in cash. The Coflex and CoFix products have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) for the treatment of moderate to severe lumbar spinal stenosis in conjunction with decompression and provide minimally invasive, motion preserving stabilization.

Surgalign Holdings’ Hardware and Biologics Business

On August 10, 2023, we completed the acquisition of certain assets of Surgalign Holdings and its subsidiaries on an as-is, where-is basis, including specified inventory, intellectual property and intellectual property rights, contracts, equipment and other personal property, records, all outstanding equity securities of Surgalign Holdings’ international subsidiaries, and intangibles related to the business of designing, developing and manufacturing hardware medical technology and distributing biologics medical technology, as conducted by Surgalign Holdings and its subsidiaries, and certain specified liabilities of Surgalign Holdings and its subsidiaries pursuant to an Asset Purchase Agreement, dated June 18, 2023, between Surgalign Holdings and us (as amended, the “Surgalign Asset Purchase Agreement”). Pursuant to the Surgalign Asset Purchase Agreement, we were able to acquire Surgalign Holdings’ broad portfolio of spinal hardware implants, including solutions for fusion procedures in the lumbar, thoracic, and cervical spine, and motion preservation solutions for the lumbar spine. Additionally, we were able to acquire Surgalign Holdings’ biomaterials portfolio of advanced and traditional orthobiologics. These offerings complement our portfolio of orthobiologics and spinal implant fixation systems. This transaction was conducted through a process supervised by the United States Bankruptcy Court in connection with Surgalign Holdings’ bankruptcy proceedings. We funded the purchase price of $5 million with cash on hand.

RTI Surgical, Inc.’s nanOss Production Operations

On October 23, 2023, we acquired the nanOss production operations owned by RTI Surgical, Inc. (“RTI”) pursuant to an Asset Purchase Agreement dated October 23, 2023 between us and RTI (the “RTI Asset Purchase Agreement”). Under the terms of the RTI Asset Purchase Agreement, we acquired certain assets, including equipment and inventory, used in RTI’s synthetic bone graft business and assumed from RTI the lease for the nanOss production facility located in Greenville, North Carolina. The purchase price for the assets was $2 million in cash plus a low single digit royalty on sales prior to October 23, 2028 of next generation nanOss products. We previously acquired the nanOss distribution rights and nanOss intellectual property with the acquisition of assets related to the biologics and spinal fixation business of Surgalign Holdings, as described above.

Industry and Market Overview

The orthopedic biomaterials market consists of materials that are organic, inorganic or synthetic in nature. These materials are implanted or applied in or near the indicated bone to aid in healing, encourage bone tissue augmentation, compensate in areas where bone tissue is depleted, and restore structure to allow for repair. These materials are often used as substitutes to autograft materials, which are taken from a harvest site in the patient to patch or repair the wounded or unhealthy site.

Fixation is often instrumental in allowing the body to heal and regenerate tissue. Fixation provides the constructive support necessary for reestablishing stability, by immobilizing the regenerative site, and relieving stress. Fixation also can help hold the biomaterial in place in order to achieve a better outcome. Examples of fixation products can include, but are not limited to, plates, screws, pins, rods, spacers, and staples. Fixation products may be made from various metals and polymer materials.

Conversely, motion preservation devices are designed predominantly to stabilize the spine and allow for motion of the segments. Spine implants can be surgically applied via traditional open surgery or via minimally invasive surgery. We provide devices in both the fixation and motion preservation categories of the spine implant market and via both surgical methodologies.

Our Orthobiologics Products

Our biomaterial products include OsteoSponge, OsteoSponge SC, OsteoSelect DBM putty, OsteoSelect Plus DBM putty, OsteoWrap, and our line of 3Demin products, as described below, as well as other allografts:

We also process and distribute (i) sports allografts which are processed specifically for anterior and posterior cruciate ligament repairs, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and meniscal repair, (ii) milled spinal allografts which are comprised of cortical bone milled to desired shapes and dimensions, and (iii) traditional allografts for multi-disciplinary applications including orthopedics, neurology, podiatry, oral/maxillofacial, genitourinary and plastic/reconstructive.

Our Spinal Implant Products

We offer a comprehensive line of products that are used to treat a variety of spinal and sacroiliac conditions, including trauma, degeneration, deformity and tumor, including use of minimally invasive surgery techniques. Some of our key spinal implant product lines include:

Cervical Products

Thoracolumbar Products

Sacroiliac Joint Products

Interbody Products

Interlaminar Stabilization Products

Future Products

In the near term, we plan to introduce a synthetic putty for bone graft applications; the BMAC System, a cell concentration system; and Cortera, a rod pedical screw system that has both open and minimally invasive modules. We are also in the process of developing other new products, including OsteoSelect Fiber Putty, a fiber-based putty; the OsteoSelect MIS gun, a bone graft delivery system; 3Demin Fiber Plus, an enhanced loose fiber formulation; and various growth factor strips and shapes.

Sales and Marketing

We distribute our products in the United States through an extensive distribution network of commissioned independent sales agents and stocking agents. As a result of our recent acquisitions, we have expanded our network in 2023. As of December 31, 2023, we had over 650 independent sales agents and stocking agents. We also maintain a national accounts program to enable our agents to gain access to IDN hospitals and through GPOs. We have biologics contracts with major GPOs, including Vizient, Premier, and HealthTrust Purchasing Group, as well as extensive access to IDNs across the United States for both biologics and spine hardware systems.

Our international footprint includes direct sales representatives and distribution partners in Canada, Mexico, South America, Australia, and certain Pacific region countries. Additionally, as a result of our recent acquisitions, we gained distribution partners in the European Union in 2023. Our European Union business is based in Wurmlingen, Germany. With our presence in the region, we can rely on the large local network of spine manufacturers and the wider “Medical Valley Community” of spine and medical device experts and talent. Our international warehousing and logistics have been outsourced to a qualified third-party logistics provider based in the Netherlands that has scalable biomaterials and hardware capabilities and operations.

Donor Procurement

Xtant’s mission with respect to donor procurement is: “Honoring the gift of donation, by helping our patients live as full, and complete a life as possible.”

In furtherance of our mission, we have agreements with multiple recovery agencies, and we continue to explore options to expand our network for access to donor tissue in anticipation of increased demand for our biologics products. We expect to be able to continue to build our network for donor tissue as our processing capabilities and sales increase.

Competition

There are various public and private organizations that offer both fixation and orthobiologics to their customers. Our primary competitors include Medtronic plc, Johnson and Johnson, Zimmer Biomet Holdings, Inc., Stryker Corporation, Nuvasive, Inc., Bioventus Inc., Globus Medical, Inc., SeaSpine Holdings Corporation, OrthoFix Medical Inc., Alphatec Holdings, Inc., ZimVie Inc., SI-Bone Inc., as well as dozens of privately-owned companies. We also compete with tissue banks that do not offer spinal fixation products, such as AlloSource International, Inc., LifeNet Health, and MTF Biologics.

Intellectual Property

We rely upon patents, trademarks, trade secrets and other proprietary rights to maintain and improve our competitive position. We review third-party proprietary rights, including patents and patent applications, as available, to develop an effective intellectual property strategy, avoid infringement of third-party proprietary rights, identify licensing opportunities and monitor the intellectual property owned by others.

We protect our proprietary rights through a variety of methods. As a condition of employment, we generally require employees to execute an agreement relating to the confidential nature of and company ownership of proprietary information and assigning intellectual property rights to us. We generally require confidentiality agreements with vendors, consultants, and others who may have access to proprietary information. We generally limit access to our facilities and review the release of company information in advance of public disclosure. There can be no assurances, however, that confidentiality agreements with employees, vendors, and consultants will not be breached, adequate remedies for any breach would be available, or competitors will not discover or independently develop our trade secrets. Litigation also may be necessary to protect trade secrets or techniques we own.

Patents

Although we believe that, in the aggregate, our patents are valuable, and patent protection is beneficial to our business and competitive positioning, our patent protection will not necessarily deter or prevent competitors from attempting to develop similar products. There can be no assurances that our patents will provide competitive advantages for our products or that competitors will not challenge or circumvent these rights. In addition, there can be no assurances that the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) or foreign patent offices will issue any of our pending patent applications. The USPTO and foreign patent offices may deny or require a significant narrowing of the claims in our pending patent applications and the patents issuing from such applications. Any patents issuing from the pending patent applications may not provide us with significant commercial protection. We could incur substantial costs in proceedings before the USPTO or foreign patent offices, including opposition and other post-grant proceedings. These proceedings could result in adverse decisions as to the patentability, priority of our inventions, and the narrowing or invalidation of claims in issued patents. Additionally, the laws of some of the countries in which our products are or may be sold may not protect our intellectual property to the same extent as the laws in the United States or at all.

Our policy is to file patent applications in the United States and other countries when we believe it is commercially advantageous to do so. We do not consider our business to be materially dependent upon any individual patent. As of December 31, 2023, our biologics patent portfolio included 50 issued patents, 26 of which are issued U.S. patents, and 3 pending U.S. patent applications. Our fixation portfolio is patent protected globally and includes 260 issued patents, 180 of which are issued U.S. patents, and 16 pending patent applications, 7 of which are U.S. patent applications. We expect that additional patent applications will be filed and prosecuted as inventions are discovered, technological improvements and processes are developed, and specific applications are identified. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain final approval of any patents.

Trademarks

We have registered, and continue to seek registration, of trademarks and continuously monitor and aggressively pursue users of names and marks that potentially infringe upon our registered trademarks. We currently own the following registered trademarks: OsteoSponge®, OsteoVive®, OsteoWrap®, OsteoLock®, BacFast®, OsteoSelect®, Elutia®, OsteoSTX®, hMatrix®, 3Demin®, BACTERINSE®, Circle of Life®, Coflex®, CoFix^TM, ASPECT®, BACJAC®, BACFUSE®, BIGFOOT®, CLARITY®, CONTACT®, CROSS-FUSE®, LAT-FUSE®, LOCKED AND LOADED®, NANOSS®, NUNEC®, PAC PLATE®, QUANTUM®, RELEASE®, SLIMFUSE®, STREAMLINE®, X-LINK®, ELEMAX®, UNISON®, FORTILINK®, TETRAFUSE®, CERVALIGN®, NANOSS 3D®, DCI®, DSS®, HPS®, OPTISTRAIN®, PARADIGM SPINE®, the Paradigm Spine design logo, THE MOVEMENT IN SPINE CARE®, DUALITY®, TIPLUS®, FIBREX®, MAXFUSE®, BIOMAX®, and CORTERA®. Under the X-spine name, we own the following registered trademarks: SILEX®, X-SPINE®, IRIX®, CAPLESS®, CERTEX®, CALIX®, H-GRAFT®, SPIDER, X90®, HYDRAGRAFT®, BUTREX®, FORTEX®, AXLE®, FIXCET®, XTANT®, Capless® and X-spine’s square design logo.

Trade Secrets and Other Proprietary Rights

To safeguard our proprietary knowledge and technology, we rely upon trade secret protection and non-disclosure/confidentiality agreements with employees, consultants and third-party collaboration partners with access to our confidential information. Although we believe our proprietary technology has value, because of rapid technological changes in the medical industry, we also believe that proprietary protection is of less significance than factors such as the intrinsic knowledge and experience of our management, advisory board, consultants and personnel and their ability to identify unmet market needs and to create, invent, develop and market innovative and differentiated products.

Government Regulation

We are registered with the FDA as a manufacturer of human cellular and tissue products (“HCT/Ps”) as well as medical devices, and we are an accredited member in good standing of the American Association of Tissue Banks (“AATB”). We meet all licensing requirements for the distribution of HCT/Ps in states with licensing requirements, including Florida, California, Delaware, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Oregon, and New York. Our industry is highly regulated, and we cannot predict the impact of future regulations on either us or our customers.

Our fixation products and instrumentation systems are regulated as medical devices and therefore are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA, as well as by other domestic and international regulatory bodies. These regulations govern multiple activities that Xtant and our suppliers, licensors and partners perform and will continue to perform. These regulated activities include product design and development, testing, manufacturing, labeling, storage, safety, premarket clearance, advertising and promotion, product marketing, sales and distribution, post-market surveillance and post-market adverse event reporting. All products currently marketed by Xtant are regulated as HCT/Ps and/or have received 510(k) clearances.

Human Tissue

Human tissue product regulations are designed to ensure that sound, high quality practices are followed to prevent the introduction, transmission or spread of communicable disease. Among other things, the regulations require that companies that recover, process, store, label, package or distribute HCT/Ps register with the FDA. In addition, regulations provide criteria that must be met for donors to be eligible to donate tissues and is referred to as the “Donor Eligibility” rule. Regulations also govern the processing and distribution of the tissues and are often referred to as the “Current Good Tissue Practices” (“cGTP”) regulations.

An HCT/P is regulated solely under section 361 of the Public Health Service Act (“PHSA”) and 21 CFR Part 1271 if it meets the following four criteria:

1) The HCT/P is minimally manipulated;

2) The HCT/P is intended for homologous use only;

3) The manufacture of the HCT/P does not involve the combination of the cells or tissues with another article (with limited exceptions); and

4) The HCT/P does not have a systemic effect and is not dependent upon the metabolic activity of living cells for its primary function; or the HCT/P has a systemic effect or is dependent upon the metabolic activity of living cells for its primary function and: is for autologous use; is for allogeneic use in a first-degree or second-degree blood relative; or is for reproductive use.

Several of our products, including OsteoSponge and OsteoWrap, are regulated as HCT/Ps and are therefore subject to the following regulatory requirements under section 361 of the PHSA and 21 CFR Part 1271:

Failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements can result in enforcement action by the FDA, which may include sanctions such as warning or untitled letters, injunctions, or other action.

There are many HCT/P products that must undergo regulatory review and licensure by the FDA. The approval process for a Biologics License Application (“BLA”) includes a rigorous review of the safety and efficacy of the biological product. Successful applications typically require testing and validation through a series of clinical and non-clinical studies taking place over multiple years of product development. We refer to all of our HCT/P products as biologics.

Medical Devices

The Center for Devices and Radiological Health regulates the clearance and approval of conventional medical devices, such as our spinal hardware, as well as some of the HCT/Ps that are also regulated as medical devices, such as our OsteoSelect DBM putty. In the United States, medical devices are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”) and its implementing regulations, and certain other federal and state statutes and regulations. The laws and regulations govern, among other things, the design, manufacture, storage, recordkeeping, approval, labeling, promotion, post-approval monitoring and reporting, distribution and import and export of medical devices. Failure to comply with applicable requirements may subject a device and/or its manufacturer to a variety of administrative sanctions, such as FDA refusal to approve pending PMAs, issuance of warning letters, mandatory product recalls, import detentions, civil monetary penalties, and/or judicial sanctions, such as product seizures, injunctions, and criminal prosecution.

Under the FDCA, medical devices are classified into one of three classes based on the risk associated with the device and the level of control necessary to provide a reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness. Class I devices are deemed to be low risk and are subject to the fewest regulatory controls. Class III devices are generally the highest risk devices and are subject to the highest level of regulatory control to provide reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness. Class III devices must typically be approved by the FDA before they are marketed.

Most Class I devices and a minority of Class II devices are completely exempt from premarket review by the FDA. Most Class II devices and a minority of Class I devices require 510(k) clearance. Devices that pose the highest risk, including life sustaining, life-supporting or implantable devices, or devices deemed not substantially equivalent to a previously 510(k)-cleared device or a “pre-amendment” Class III device in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976 for which PMA applications are not required, are placed in Class III requiring PMA approval. A novel device is placed in Class III by default, but it may be eligible to be placed in Class I or Class II via “de novo” classification if it can be shown to pose only low to moderate risk with appropriate regulatory controls.

The PMA approval pathway requires proof of the safety and effectiveness of the device to the FDA’s satisfaction. The 510(k) clearance pathway is much less burdensome and time-consuming than the PMA approval pathway. The de novo pathway has an enhanced burden compared to the 510(k) clearance pathway, but is much less burdensome than a PMA approval process.

Under the 510(k) clearance pathway, the applicant must submit to the FDA a premarket notification demonstrating that the medical device is substantially equivalent to a legally marketed predicate device. A predicate device may be a previously 510(k) cleared device, Class II de novo device, or a pre-amendment device (unless the FDA has issued a regulation calling for PMA applications for this device type). To be substantially equivalent, the proposed device must have the same intended use as the predicate device, and either have the same technological characteristics as the predicate device or have different technological characteristics and be shown to be equally safe and effective and not raise different questions of safety and effectiveness than the predicate device.

After the FDA accepts the 510(k) premarket notification, it begins a substantive review. By statute, the FDA is required to complete its review within 90 days of receiving the 510(k) notification. As a practical matter, clearance often takes longer, typically ranging from three to nine months or more, and clearance is never assured. The FDA’s 510(k) review generally compares a proposed device to a predicate device with respect to intended use and technology. The information necessary to show substantial equivalence will depend on the differences between the proposed device and the predicate device, which may include bench, animal, and/or clinical studies. The discussion of what data is needed is sometimes conducted in a voluntary process called the pre-submission process whereby companies meet with the FDA to discuss the data needed for clearance.

If the FDA finds the applicant’s device is substantially equivalent to the predicate device, it will send a letter to the applicant stating that fact. This allows the applicant’s device to be commercially distributed in the United States. Otherwise, the applicant must fulfill the much more rigorous premarketing requirements of the PMA approval process or seek reclassification of the device through the de novo process.

After a device receives 510(k) clearance, any modification that could significantly affect its safety or effectiveness, or that would constitute a major change in its intended use, requires a new 510(k) clearance or could require reclassification through the de novo process or a PMA approval. The FDA requires each manufacturer to make this determination in the first instance, but the FDA can review any such decision. If the FDA disagrees with a manufacturer’s decision not to seek a new 510(k) clearance, the agency may require the manufacturer to seek 510(k) clearance, de novo classification, or PMA approval. The FDA can also require a manufacturer to cease marketing and/or recall the modified device until 510(k) clearance, de novo classification, or PMA approval is obtained.

Another procedure for obtaining marketing authorization for a medical device is the “de novo classification” procedure. Devices of a new type that the FDA has not previously classified based on risk are automatically classified into Class III, regardless of the level of risk they pose. Additionally, in response to a 510(k) premarket notification, if the FDA determines that the device is “not substantially equivalent” to a previously cleared device, the device is automatically designated as a Class III device. The device sponsor must then fulfill more rigorous PMA requirements or can request a risk-based classification determination for the device in accordance with the de novo process, which is a route to market for novel medical devices that are low to moderate risk and are not substantially equivalent to a predicate device.

The advantage of the de novo classification is that it generally requires less data than a PMA. The disadvantage is that it may require more data than a 510(k) and most often will include human clinical data. A request for de novo classification also has a longer review time. If the de novo application is denied, the device remains in Class III and PMA approval may be required before the device may be legally marketed in the United States. The FDA is increasingly moving devices with slightly different proposed indication statements or different technological features off the 510(k) path and onto the de novo path, resulting in more time and expense for the company.

A device not eligible for 510(k) clearance or de novo classification must follow the PMA approval pathway, which requires proof of the safety and effectiveness of the device to the FDA’s satisfaction. The cost of preparing and submitting a PMA is substantial and a PMA application must provide extensive preclinical and clinical trial data and also detailed information about the device and its components regarding, among other things, device design, manufacturing and labeling. Under federal law, the submission of most PMAs is additionally subject to a substantial annually adjusted application user fee. Satisfaction of FDA PMA requirements typically takes years, and the actual time required may vary substantially based upon the type, complexity, and novelty of the device or disease. In the future, Xtant may decide to strategically commercialize products in the United States that would require a PMA, but there are no plans to do so at the present time.

After a medical device enters commercial distribution, numerous regulatory requirements continue to apply. These include:

The FDA has broad post-market and regulatory enforcement powers. Medical device manufacturers are subject to unannounced inspections by the FDA and other state, local and foreign regulatory authorities to assess compliance with the QSR and other applicable regulations, and these inspections may include the manufacturing facilities of any suppliers. Failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements can result in enforcement action by the FDA, which may include sanctions such as: warning letters, fines, injunctions, consent decrees and civil penalties; unanticipated expenditures, repair, replacement, refunds, recall or seizure of our devices; operating restrictions, partial suspension or total shutdown of manufacturing; the FDA’s refusal of our requests for 510(k) clearances, de novo classification, or premarket approvals of new devices, new intended uses or modifications to existing devices; the FDA’s refusal to issue certificates to foreign governments needed to export devices for sale in other countries; and withdrawing 510(k) clearances, de novo marketing authorization, or premarket approvals that have already been granted; and criminal prosecution.

In February 2024, the FDA issued a final rule replacing the QSR with the Quality Management System Regulation, or QMSR, which incorporates by reference the quality management system requirements of ISO 13485:2016, as discussed below. The FDA has stated that the standards contained in ISO 13485:2016 are substantially similar to those set forth in the existing QSR. This final rule does not go into effect until February 2026.

International Regulation

Many foreign countries have regulatory bodies and restrictions similar to the FDA. International sales are subject to foreign government regulation, the requirements of which vary substantially from country to country. The time required to obtain approval in a foreign country or to obtain a CE Certificate of Conformity may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval and the related requirements may differ. Some third-world countries accept CE Certificates of Conformity or FDA clearance or approval as part of applications of approval for marketing of medical devices in their territory. Other countries, including Brazil, Canada, Australia and Japan, require separate regulatory filings.

Healthcare Fraud and Abuse

Healthcare fraud and abuse laws apply to Xtant’s business when a customer submits a claim for an item or service that is reimbursed under Medicare, Medicaid or most other federally-funded healthcare programs. The Federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, items or services for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under federal health care programs, such as by Medicare or Medicaid. The concerns that the Anti-Kickback Statute addresses are multiple, but primary among them are, first, that the federal government pays/reimburses health care providers for the true acquisition cost of goods and services provided to patients served by government programs. The government does not want, for example, health care providers obtaining manufacturer discounts which are not disclosed to the government on cost report forms submitted for reimbursement to the government. The government wants to be the beneficiary of such discounts. Second, for that reason, the government wants transparency in the billing process which discloses such discounts to the government. Third, the government does not want purchasing, prescription or referral decisions for medical devices biased by economics unrelated to the best choices for a patient.

The Federal Anti-Kickback Statute is subject to evolving interpretations and has been applied by government enforcement officials to a number of common business arrangements in the medical device industry. Remunerative relationships with physicians in which manufacturers give health care providers gifts or pay for entertainment, sporting events, trips or other perquisites, may be viewed as an attempt to buy loyalty to the manufacturer’s products. A number of states also have anti-kickback laws that establish similar prohibitions that may apply to items or services reimbursed by government programs as well as any third-party payors, including commercial insurers. Further, federal legislation, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act (collectively “PPACA”), among other things, clarified the intent requirements of the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the federal criminal statutes governing healthcare fraud. Specifically, a person or entity can be found to have violated the statutes without actual knowledge of these statutes or specific intent to violate them. In addition, the PPACA amended the Social Security Act to provide that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the Federal False Claims Act or federal civil money penalties statute. Amendments to the Federal False Claims Act provide that a violation of the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute is also a violation of the Federal False Claims Act, subjecting healthcare entities to treble damages and mandatory penalties for each false claim or statement.

Additionally, the civil Federal False Claims Act prohibits, among other things, knowingly presenting or causing the presentation of a false, fictitious or fraudulent claim for payment of federal funds, or knowingly making, or causing to be made, a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government. The purpose of the Federal False Claims Act is to prevent manufacturers from causing or inducing inappropriate prescriptions leading to an inappropriate government reimbursement. It often comes into play where a manufacturer suggests or assists a health care provider to bill for an off-label, uncovered use. It also can occur when the reimbursement advice given by a manufacturer results in inappropriate reimbursement claims from “upcoding,” miscoding, “stretched” coding, the use of inappropriate modifiers or inappropriate care settings. These behaviors can result in the government paying for products or procedures that should not be reimbursed by the federal government. The manufacturer must be truthful and not misleading in the reimbursement advice it gives to customers.

Actions under the Federal False Claims Act may be brought by the Attorney General or as a qui tam action by a private individual in the name of the government. Violations of the Federal False Claims Act can result in very significant monetary penalties and treble damages. The federal government is using the Federal False Claims Act, and the accompanying threat of significant liability, in its investigations of healthcare companies throughout the country for a wide variety of Medicare billing practices, as well as federal Anti-Kickback Statute violations and certain marketing practices, including off-label promotion, and has obtained multi-million and multi-billion dollar settlements under the Federal False Claims Act in addition to individual criminal convictions under applicable criminal statutes. Given the significant size of actual and potential settlements, it is expected that the government will continue to devote substantial resources to investigating healthcare providers’ and suppliers’ compliance with the healthcare reimbursement rules and fraud and abuse laws.

The Federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act imposes annual reporting requirements on device manufacturers for payments and other transfers of value provided by them, directly or indirectly, to physicians (including physician family members) and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians. Device manufactures are also required to collect information on payments or transfers of value to physician assistants, nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, certified registered nurse anesthetists, and certified nurse midwives for reporting to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”). A manufacturer’s failure to submit timely, accurately and completely the required information for all payments, transfers of value or ownership or investment interests may result in civil monetary penalties. Certain states also mandate implementation of commercial compliance programs, impose restrictions on device manufacturer marketing practices and require tracking and reporting of gifts, compensation and other remuneration to healthcare professionals and entities.

Our operations are also subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”). We are required to comply with the FCPA, which generally prohibits covered entities and their intermediaries from engaging in bribery or making other prohibited payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or other benefits. In addition, the FCPA imposes accounting standards and requirements on publicly traded United States corporations and their foreign affiliates, which are intended to prevent the diversion of corporate funds to the payment of bribes and other improper payments, and to prevent the establishment of “off books” slush funds from which such improper payments can be made. We also are subject to similar anticorruption legislation implemented in certain foreign jurisdictions.

Coverage and Reimbursement

Xtant’s currently approved products are commonly treated as general supplies utilized in spinal and orthopedic surgery and if covered by third-party payors, are paid for as part of the surgical procedure. Accordingly, healthcare providers in the United States generally rely on third-party payors, principally private insurers and governmental payors such as Medicare and Medicaid, to cover and reimburse all or part of the cost of a spine surgery in which Xtant products are used. Sales volumes and fees for Xtant products will continue to depend in large part on the availability of coverage and reimbursement from such third-party payors. Third-party payors perform analyses on new technologies to determine if they are medically necessary before providing coverage for them. These third-party payors may still deny reimbursement on covered technologies if they determine that a device used in a procedure was not used in accordance with the payor’s coverage policy. Particularly in the United States, third-party payors continue to carefully review, and increasingly challenge, the prices charged for procedures and medical products.

In the United States, a large percentage of insured individuals receive their medical care through managed care programs, which monitor and often require pre-approval of the services that a member will receive. Some managed care programs pay their providers on a per capita basis, which puts the providers at financial risk for the services provided to their patients by paying these providers a predetermined payment per member per month and, consequently, may limit the willingness of these providers to use Xtant products.

The overall escalating cost of medical products and services has led to, and will likely continue to lead to, increased pressures on the healthcare industry to reduce the costs of products and services. Government or private third-party payors cannot be guaranteed to cover and reimburse the procedures using Xtant products in whole or in part in the future or that payment rates will be adequate. In addition, it is possible that future legislation, regulation or coverage and reimbursement policies of third-party payors will adversely affect the demand for Xtant products or the ability to sell them on a profitable basis.

Internationally, reimbursement and healthcare payment systems vary substantially from country to country and include single-payor, government-managed systems as well as systems in which private payors and government managed systems exist side-by-side. Xtant’s ability to achieve market acceptance or significant sales volume in international markets will be dependent in large part on the availability of reimbursement for procedures performed using company products under the healthcare payment systems in such markets. A number of countries may require Xtant to gather additional clinical data before recognizing coverage and reimbursement for its products.

ISO Certification

Xtant is an International Organization for Standardization (“ISO”) certified organization. To obtain ISO 13485:2016 certification, an organization must demonstrate its ability to provide medical devices that consistently meet applicable customer and regulatory requirements. The primary objective of ISO 13485:2016 is to facilitate harmonized medical device regulatory requirements for quality management systems. All requirements of ISO 13485:2016 are specific to organizations providing medical devices, regardless of the type or size of the organization. The certification assures our customers and partners of our commitment to quality, and in the quality of our innovative products and processes. Additionally, we believe that our ISO 13485:2016 certification may offer new markets and business opportunities for our products in the global marketplace.

Human Capital

Mission, Quality Policy and Core Values

Our Mission is to “honor the gift of donation, by allowing our patients to live as full, and complete a life as possible.” Through an effective quality system, we prioritize our commitment to our patients and donor families. We aim to improve the quality of life for our patients by designing, manufacturing and distributing medical devices and human tissues for transplant that are safe, effective and meet the needs of our customers. We honor the gift of donation by enhancing our core competencies and maximizing utilization of the gift.

Our Mission and quality policy reflect our core values of:

Headcount and Employee Demographics

As of December 31, 2023, Xtant had 215 employees, 207 of whom were full time employees, and of whom 70 were in operations, 50 were in sales and marketing, 13 in research and development and engineering, 26 in regulatory and quality affairs, and 23 were in administrative functions. Of these 215 employees, 33 are located outside the United States, primarily in Germany. In addition, we utilize various outsourced services to manage normal business cycles.

As of December 31, 2023, of our total workforce, 49% are female and 21% are racially or ethnically diverse. Of our management team, 36% are female and 15% are racially or ethnically diverse. Of our U.S. workforce, 3% are veterans.

Turnover

Xtant continually monitors employee turnover rates as its success depends upon retaining highly trained personnel. The average tenure of our employees is 3.9 years. The average tenure of the members of our management team is 6 years.

Employee Unions, Collective Bargaining Agreements and Work Councils

There are no unions representing our employees, and we believe that our relations with our employees are good.

Code of Conduct

Each employee agrees to follow our Code of Conduct, which is on our corporate website, and covers a wide range of business practices and procedures. Recognizing that our Code of Conduct may not address every situation our employees may encounter, other resources exist to assist our employees in their decision-making, including our management team, training and a hotline pursuant to which employees can ask questions or report issues on an anonymous basis.

Employee Safety, Health and Wellness

We are committed to maintaining a safe workplace and promoting the health and wellness of our employees. We have an employee Health & Safety Committee that is comprised of employees and recommends improvements in furtherance of employee health and safety. We also have implemented multiple safety programs and regularly perform safety hazard evaluations within our manufacturing facility. We publish a quarterly Safety Standard newsletter that reiterates our commitment to safety, highlights actions we have taken and intend to take to improve employee safety, and provides practical advice to employees to keep them and their families safe. We monitor conditions that could lead to safety incidents and keep track of injuries through reporting systems in accordance with the laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate.

With respect to health and wellness, we provide our employees a variety of flexible and convenient health and wellness programs designed to support their physical and mental health. These include, among others, medical, dental and vision coverage, health savings and flexible spending accounts, flexible work schedules, family leave and care resources, and an employee assistance program.

Compensation and Benefits

We provide competitive compensation and benefits to attract and retain superior talent and to give our employees the tools to succeed both on and off the job. In addition to salaries, our compensation and benefits, typically include annual bonuses; commission programs; a 401(k) plan with employer matching opportunities; tuition assistance; and company-sponsored short-term and long-term disability, life and accidental death and dismemberment insurance, among others.

Our benefit plans are available to full-time employees who work 30 or more hours per week. Eligible employees may select between four medical plan options: two preferred provider organization plans and two health savings account compatible high deductible plans. We provide contributions to those participating in a health savings account compatible plans. Additionally, we offer employees traditional and limited purpose flex savings account options. Pharmacy benefits as well as dental, vision, life, accidental death and disability, long and short-term disability, accident, critical illness, and hospital indemnity insurance plans are available to our employees. We also offer employees wellbeing benefits through LifeBalance, Noom, and our Employee Assistance Program.

Xtant prides itself on offering employment arrangements that include competitive time off policies and flexibility. Our employees are eligible for paid holidays effective immediately upon hire. Paid time off is available to all corporate employees and accrue based on length of service, and sick time is available for all commercial-sales employees.

Employee Engagement

We provide all employees with the opportunity to anonymously share their opinions and feedback directly with senior management and human resources. Submissions are analyzed to enhance the employee experience, promote retention, drive change, and leverage the overall success of our organization.

Employee Development and Training

We recognize that successful execution of our strategy is dependent on attracting, developing and retaining top talent in all areas of the business. We have a robust learning management system platform that includes several modules for employee development and training. In addition, we have a professional development policy intended to promote professional development opportunities and provide support to employees who want to increase the effectiveness of their performance in their current position. We encourage employees to obtain skills, knowledge and abilities which may improve their opportunities for career advancement within our Company and the purpose of our professional development policy is to provide our employees with the requirements for approval, time off, and reimbursement for employee training and professional development activities.

Diversity, Equity and Inclusion

We strive to create a diverse workplace in which all employees feel respected, valued and empowered to reach their full potential. We define diversity as the range of human differences, including but not limited to race, ethnicity, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, age, physical ability or attributes, religious or ethical values system, national origin, and political beliefs.

Community Engagement

Throughout the year, we encourage our employees to engage in community outreach programs and we sponsor various community organizations in the Belgrade, Montana area. As a company, we work closely with the Donate Life Community to support our industry and promote the gift of donation. We have been an active sponsor for the Donate Life Rose Parade event since 2012 and sponsor a donor family and select employees to attend that event each year.

Corporate Information

We began operations in 1998 as a spin out of the Center for Biofilm Engineering at Montana State University, or the CBE, and incorporated as “Bacterin, Inc.” in the state of Montana in January 2000. Through a series of transactions and corporate events, we eventually became Bacterin International Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Bacterin”). Bacterin’s common stock traded on the NYSE Amex, now known as the NYSE American, under the ticker symbol “BONE.” On July 31, 2015, we acquired all of the outstanding capital stock of X-spine Systems, Inc. (“X-spine”) for approximately $60 million in cash, repayment of approximately $13 million of X-spine debt, and approximately 4.24 million shares (0.4 million shares post reverse split) of Xtant common stock. As a result of this transaction, X-spine became a wholly owned subsidiary of Bacterin International Holdings, Inc. and we immediately then changed our corporate name to “Xtant Medical Holdings, Inc.” Soon thereafter, we formed a new wholly owned subsidiary, Xtant Medical, Inc., to facilitate the integration of Bacterin and X-spine. On October 15, 2015, our common stock began trading on the NYSE MKT, now known as the NYSE American, under the ticker symbol “XTNT.”

Controlled Company Status

As a result of debt restructuring transactions completed in 2018 and 2020, OrbiMed Royalty Opportunities II, LP (“Royalty Opportunities”) and ROS Acquisition Offshore LP (“ROS”), which are funds affiliated with OrbiMed Advisors LLC (“OrbiMed”), collectively own approximately 56.2% of our outstanding common stock as of December 31, 2023. Because more than 50% of the combined voting power of all of our outstanding common stock is beneficially owned by OrbiMed, we are a “controlled company” as defined in section 801(a) of the NYSE American Company Guide. As such, we are exempt from certain NYSE American rules requiring our Board of Directors to have a majority of independent directors, a compensation committee composed entirely of independent directors and a nominating committee composed entirely of independent directors. We currently maintain a Board of Directors with a majority of independent directors and a compensation committee and nominating and corporate governance committee composed entirely of independent directors.

Available Information

We make available, free of charge and through our Internet website, our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to any such reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Reports filed with the SEC also may be viewed at www.sec.gov. We include our website throughout this report for reference only. The information contained on or connected to our website is not incorporated by reference into this report.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Our business and an investment in our common stock are subject to a variety of risks. The following risk factors describe some of the material factors that could have a material adverse effect upon our business, financial condition, results of operations, and the market price for our common stock. Many of these events are outside of our control. If any of these risks actually occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations may be materially adversely affected. In such case, the market price of our common stock could decline and investors in our common stock could lose all or part of their investment.

Risk Factors Summary

This summary is not complete and should be read in conjunction with the risk factors set forth below.

Risks Related to Our Business

Risks Related to Governmental Regulation

Risks Related to Human Capital Management

Risks Related to Our Outstanding Indebtedness, Need for Additional Financing and Financial Condition

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

Risks Related to Information Technology, Cybersecurity and Data Protection

Risks Related to Our Controlled Company Status

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

General Risk Factors

Risks Related to Our Business

Our dependence on key suppliers of raw materials puts us at risk of interruptions in the availability of our products, which could reduce our sales and adversely affect our operating results and harm our reputation. In particular, because of a current stem cell shortage, we expect our revenues in future periods to be adversely affected by this shortage until such time as we can find additional supply of stem cells or develop internal production of stem cells.

We rely on key suppliers for certain raw materials used in our products. Among the key suppliers we do business with are the producers of stem cells used in our OsteoVive viable cell allograft. Our dependence on third-party suppliers involves several risks, including limited control over availability and pricing. Suppliers of such raw materials may decide, or be required, for reasons beyond our control, to cease supplying such raw materials and components to us or to raise their prices. Shortages of raw materials, quality control problems, production capacity constraints, or delays by suppliers have in the past and in the future could negatively affect our ability to meet our production goals. For example, in the third and fourth quarters of fiscal 2023, stem cells used to produce our OsteoVive viable cell allograft became unavailable and may remain unavailable for the foreseeable future. Elutia Inc. (formerly Aziyo Biologics, Inc.), one of our key suppliers of stem cells, recently voluntarily recalled its viable bone matrix products and suspended shipments of all viable bone matrix products from all donor lots. This recall has led to the American Association of Tissue Banks imposing additional regulations and has also constrained the overall supply of stem cells, with other stem cell suppliers now favoring larger customers during this shortage. As a smaller customer, we have encountered difficulties in receiving any supply of stem cells. Stem cells may continue to be unavailable to us or may be available only at elevated prices. Our revenues during the third and fourth quarters of fiscal 2023 were adversely affected as a result of the stem cell shortage and we expect our revenues in future periods to continue to be adversely affected by the stem cell shortage until such time as we receive additional supply of stem cells and complete development of internal production of stem cells. In addition, our sales of other products could be adversely affected by other similar shortages in the future. Such shortages and constraints adversely affect our revenues and other operating results and may also adversely affect our reputation.

Our acquisitions of Surgalign SPV, certain assets and liabilities of Surgalign Holdings and certain assets of RTI in 2023 and any future acquisitions or business combinations we complete involve a number of risks, the occurrence of which could adversely affect our business, reputation, operating results and financial condition.

In 2023, we completed acquisitions of Surgalign SPV, certain assets and liabilities of Surgalign Holdings and certain assets of RTI. One of our key growth initiatives is to add depth to our product offerings through targeted strategic acquisitions in the future. Our ability to complete acquisitions and business combinations will depend, in part, on the availability of suitable candidates at acceptable prices, terms, and conditions; our ability to compete effectively for acquisition candidates; and the availability of capital and personnel to complete such acquisitions and run the acquired business effectively. Any acquisition or business combination could impair our business, reputation, operating results and financial condition. The benefits of an acquisition or business combination may take more time than expected to develop or integrate into our operations, and we cannot guarantee that previous or future acquisitions or business combinations will, in fact, produce any benefits. Acquisitions and business combinations may involve a number of risks, the occurrence of which could adversely affect our business, reputation, operating results and financial condition, including:

In addition, effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable and accurate financial reports and to effectively prevent fraud. The integration of acquired businesses may result in our systems and controls becoming increasingly complex and more difficult to manage. We devote significant resources and time to comply with the internal control over financial reporting requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”). However, we cannot be certain that these measures will ensure that we design, implement, and maintain adequate control over our financial processes and reporting in the future, especially in the context of acquisitions of other businesses, regardless of whether such acquired business was previously privately or publicly held. For example, in connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, we identified certain control deficiencies in the design and implementation of our internal control over financial reporting that related to our recent acquisitions, which constituted two material weaknesses. Any such difficulties in the assimilation of acquired businesses into our control system could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our financial reporting obligations. Also, some acquisitions, such as our acquisition of Surgalign SPV, our acquisition of certain assets and liabilities of Surgalign Holdings, and our acquisition of certain assets of RTI, may require the consent of the lenders under our credit agreements with MidCap and/or the consent of Royalty Opportunities and ROS under the Investor Rights Agreement. We cannot predict whether such approvals would be forthcoming or the terms on which the lenders or these investors would approve future acquisitions. These risks, among others, could be heightened if we complete a large acquisition or other business combination or multiple transactions within a relatively short period of time or, if such approvals are not obtained, could prevent us from completing acquisitions that we believe would be beneficial to our business.

We may be required to incur impairment and other charges resulting from the impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets recorded in connection with acquisitions.

In 2023, we completed acquisitions of Surgalign SPV, certain assets and liabilities of Surgalign Holdings and certain assets of RTI. In connection with acquisitions, applicable accounting standards generally require the net tangible and intangible assets of the acquired business to be recorded on the balance sheet of the acquiring company at their fair values as of the date of acquisition. Any excess in the purchase price paid by the acquiring company over the fair value of net tangible and intangible assets of the acquired business is recorded as goodwill. Definite lived-intangible assets other than goodwill are required to be amortized over their estimated useful lives and this amortization expense may be significant. If it is later determined that the anticipated future cash flows from the acquired business may be less than the carrying values of the assets and goodwill of the acquired business, the assets, including both definite-lived and indefinite-lived intangible assets, or goodwill may be deemed to be impaired. In this case, the acquiring company may be required under applicable accounting rules to write down the value of the assets or goodwill on its balance sheet to reflect the extent of the impairment. This write-down of assets or goodwill is generally recognized as a non-cash expense in the statement of operations of the acquiring company for the accounting period during which the write down occurs. As of December 31, 2023, we had goodwill of $7.3 million, including goodwill from the acquisitions described above, and intangible assets of $10.3 million, which together comprise 19% of our total assets as of December 31, 2023. If we determine that our goodwill and intangible assets recorded in connection with our acquisitions or any other prior or future acquisitions have become impaired, we will be required to record a charge resulting from the impairment. Impairment charges could be significant and could adversely affect our consolidated results of operations and financial position.

We operate in some markets outside the United States that are subject to political, economic, and social instability and expose us to additional risks.

Although our revenue from outside the United States comprised only 5% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, we expect our revenue from outside the United States to comprise a larger percentage of our total revenue in future years as a result of our acquisition of Surgalign Holdings’ hardware and biologics business in August 2023, which operates in part through international subsidiaries. Our international sales operations and newly acquired international subsidiaries expose us and our representatives, agents, and distributors to the following risks inherent in operating in foreign jurisdictions:

Operations conducted through our international subsidiaries require management attention and financial resources and exposes us to difficulties and risks presented by international economic, political, legal, accounting and business factors.

As a result of our recent acquisition of Surgalign Holdings’ hardware and biologics business, we sell certain products in 33 countries through international subsidiaries located in Europe and Asia. This recent international expansion and the continued management of business in international markets requires management attention and financial resources. Additionally, the sale and shipping of products across international borders subjects us to extensive and complicated trade regulations. Compliance with such regulations is costly and exposes us to penalties for non-compliance. Any failure to comply with applicable legal and regulatory obligations could impact us in a variety of ways that include, but are not limited to, significant criminal, civil and administrative penalties. Additionally, the failure to comply with applicable legal and regulatory obligations could result in the disruption of our sales activities.

Several factors, including changes to international trade agreements, foreign policy changes between countries, weakened international economic conditions or the impact of sovereign debt defaults, could adversely affect our international net sales. Additionally, our international operations require significant management attention and financial resources. Our international operations expose us to risks inherent in operating in foreign jurisdictions. These risks include:

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and cannot provide assurances that these weaknesses will be effectively remediated or that additional material weaknesses will not occur in the future.

If our internal control over financial reporting or its disclosure controls and procedures are not effective, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, which may cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and may lead to a decline in our stock price.

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of an evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

In connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, we identified certain control deficiencies in the design and implementation of our internal control over financial reporting that constituted two material weaknesses. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

As of December 31, 2023, our controls designed surrounding the completeness and accuracy of information utilized in determining the open balance sheet fair value of inventory, which includes the establishment of inventory reserves, related to the acquisition of the hardware and biologics business of Surgalign Holdings, Inc. were insufficient and did not operate at an appropriate level of precision. The resulting material weaknesses are described in greater detail under the heading Part II. Item 9A. “Controls and Procedures.”

While we are taking steps to remediate the material weaknesses, we cannot provide any assurance that such remedial measures, or any other remedial measures we take, will be effective. If we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, which may, among other adverse consequences, cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and lead to a decline in our stock price. In addition, a material weakness will not be considered remediated until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are designed and operating effectively.

Biologics products are inherently difficult and time-consuming to manufacture. We have experienced and could continue to experience manufacturing issues, which could negatively impact our business and results of operations.

Biologics products are inherently difficult and time-consuming to manufacture. Our products are manufactured using technically complex processes requiring specialized equipment and facilities, highly specific raw materials. Other production constraints, including the number of processors we are able to hire, the number of clean rooms available in our facilities, and our ability to automate certain processes by implementing labor saving technology also affect the speed and extent of our production. The complexity of these processes, as well as strict company and government standards for the manufacture and storage of our products, subjects us to production risks. A shortage of the number of processors or clean rooms or inadequate levels of automation may cause us to be unable to operate at full production, which has in the past and could continue to negatively impact our business and results of operations. For example, as a result of the labor shortage we experienced in 2022 and, to a lesser extent, in 2023, we were unable to operate at full capacity from time to time, which caused us to pass on certain revenue opportunities we otherwise may have been able to pursue. To mitigate this issue in the future, we have made certain operational changes and continue to implement processes that are intended to automate certain tasks. Additionally, in 2023, we increased our recruiting and onboarding activities and increased our plant capacity. However, no assurance can be provided that these measures will be successful.

Prolonged inflation and supply chain disruptions could result in delayed product launches, lost revenue, higher costs and decreased profit margins.

A majority of our products are manufactured and sold inside of the United States, which increases our exposure to domestic inflation and fuel price increases. Inflationary pressures stemming from supply chain disruptions and increased demand resulted in increased fuel, raw material and other costs in 2022. Although these conditions improved in 2023, similar issues in the future may adversely affect our results of operations. Additionally, we have experienced shortages in certain raw materials, suppliers have been unable to meet delivery schedules due to excess demand and labor shortages, and lead times have lengthened throughout our supply chain. For example, as described elsewhere in these risk factors, in the third and fourth quarters of fiscal 2023, stem cells used to produce our OsteoVive viable cell allograft became unavailable and may remain unavailable for the foreseeable future. Our efforts to mitigate supply chain weaknesses may not be successful or may have unfavorable effects. For example, efforts to purchase raw materials in advance for product manufacturing may result in increased storage costs or excess supply. If our costs rise due to continuing supply chain disruptions, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. In addition, delays in obtaining materials from our suppliers could delay product launches or result in lost opportunities to sell our products due to their unavailability. Increased costs and decreased product availability due to supply chain issues could adversely impact our revenue and/or gross margin, and could thereby harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Many competitive products exist, and we expect more will be developed. Our operating results have suffered during the past few years due to intense competition and we may not be able to compete successfully because we are smaller and have fewer financial resources and less ability to invest in the development of new products.

The markets for our products are highly competitive and subject to rapid and profound technological change. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to maintain a competitive position in the development of technologies and products for use by our customers. Many of the companies developing or marketing competitive products enjoy several competitive advantages over us, including greater financial and human resources for product development and sales and marketing; greater name recognition; established relationships with surgeons, hospitals and third-party payors; broader product lines and the ability to offer rebates or bundle products to offer greater discounts or incentives to gain a competitive advantage; and established sales and marketing and distribution networks. Our competitors may develop and patent processes or products earlier than us, obtain regulatory clearances or approvals for competing products more rapidly than us, develop more effective or less expensive products or technologies that render our technology or products obsolete or non-competitive or acquire technologies and technology licenses complementary to our products or advantageous to our business, which could adversely affect our business and operating results. Not all of our sales and other personnel have non-compete agreements. We also compete with other organizations in recruiting and retaining qualified sales and management personnel, which may exacerbate the effects of the labor shortages we are currently experiencing, as described above. If our competitors are more successful than us in these matters, we may be unable to compete successfully against our existing or future competitors. Our industry has been subject to increasing consolidation. Consolidation in our industry not involving our Company could result in existing competitors increasing their market share through business combinations and result in stronger competitors, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results. We may be unable to compete successfully in an increasingly consolidated industry and cannot predict with certainty how industry consolidation will affect our competitors or us.

Our efforts to integrate acquired products with our existing product line may not be favorably received, which could negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition.

Following our acquisition of the Coflex and CoFix product lines, Surgalign Holdings’ hardware and biologics business, and the nanOss product line, we have worked to integrate the products acquired with our existing product line as applicable. However, there can be no assurance that our integration initiative will be successful, and these changes may not be favorably received by our customers, which could negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition.

If we are unable to innovate, develop, introduce and market new products and technologies, we may experience a decrease in market share or revenue if our products become obsolete, and our business and operating results would suffer.

Due to limited funding, our research and development efforts and ability to develop new products have been constrained during the past several years. We may be unable to compete effectively with our competitors unless we can keep up with existing or new products and technologies in the markets in which we compete. If we do not continue to innovate, develop, introduce and market new products and technologies, or if those products and technologies are not accepted, we may not be successful. Moreover, research and development efforts require a substantial investment of time and resources before we are adequately able to determine the commercial viability of a new product, technology, material, or innovation and our current and recent annual operating plans have not provided for any significant investment in new products. Demand for our products also could change in ways we may not anticipate due to evolving customer needs, changes in customer health insurance coverage, changing demographics, slow industry growth rates, declines in our markets, the introduction of new products and technologies, evolving surgical philosophies, and evolving industry standards, among others. Additionally, our competitors’ new products and technologies may beat our products to market, may be more effective or less expensive than our products, or may render our products obsolete. It is also important that we carefully manage our introduction of new and enhanced products and technologies. If potential customers delay purchases until new or enhanced products are available, it could negatively impact our revenue. Our new products and technologies also could reduce demand for or render our existing products obsolete and thus adversely affect sales of our existing products and lead to increased expense for excess and obsolete inventory.

Our private label and OEM business, which we expect to account for an increasing percentage of our revenue, involves risks and may be subject to significant fluctuation on a product to product basis from period to period since our customers could decide to use other OEMs.

We expect an increasing portion of our future revenues to be derived from our private label and original equipment manufacturer, or OEM, business. This expectation is based on our plan to focus on expanding this business. We may not be successful, however, in retaining or expanding our private label and OEM business. Our private label and OEM business, although not subject to commissions, involves lower gross margins which, if this business increases as a percentage of our revenue, will reduce our future gross margins. In addition, our private label and OEM business involves other additional risks. For example, we generally do not have long-term supply agreements covering this business so our customers could periodically decide to use other OEMs based on cost, quality, delivery time, production capacities, competitive and regulatory considerations or other factors. Thus, revenues from our private label and OEM customers and the products we provide them are subject to significant fluctuation on a product to product basis from period to period. The success of our private label and OEM business is dependent upon the success of our private label and OEM customers in creating demand for and selling the products that we manufacture for them. If our private label and OEM business significantly increases, we may experience difficulties in staffing our manufacturing facility and meeting demand.

Our growth initiatives designed to increase our revenue and scale may not be successful and involve risks.

During 2022 and 2023, we focused primarily on four key growth initiatives: (1) introduce new products; (2) expand our distribution network; (3) penetrate adjacent markets; and (4) leverage our growth platform with technology and strategic acquisitions. In 2023, we worked towards these growth initiatives primarily through our strategic acquisitions of Surgalign SPV, Surgalign Holdings’ hardware and biologics business, and RTI’s nanOss production operations, which allowed us to add to our existing product line and expand our distribution network. We intend to continue to pursue these key growth initiatives in 2024. While the intent of these four key growth initiatives is to increase our future revenues, no assurance can be provided that we will be successful in implementing these growth initiatives or increasing our future revenues. Also our key growth initiatives involve risks, including effects on our product sales mix, which may adversely affect our gross margins and operating results. For example, a decrease in sales of our hardware products typically reduces our gross margins. In addition, margins vary among our biologics products, so the current trend towards our fiber-based products as opposed to our cancellous-based products may also reduce our future gross margins.

Our biologics business is highly dependent on the availability of human donors. Any disruptions could cause our customers to seek alternative providers or technologies and harm our business and operating results.

Our mission is, “honoring the gift of donation, by allowing our patients to live as full, and complete a life as possible.” Accordingly, our biologics business is highly dependent on our ability to obtain donor cadavers as the raw material for many of our biologics products. The availability of acceptable donors is relatively limited, and we compete with many other companies for this limited availability. The availability of donors is also impacted by regulatory changes, AATB requirements, general public opinion of the donor process and our reputation for our handling of the donor process. In addition, due to seasonal changes in the mortality rates, some scarce tissues are at times in short supply. A disruption in the supply of this crucial raw material could have significant consequences for our revenue, operating results and continued operations.

Negative publicity concerning methods of tissue recovery and screening of donor tissue in our industry could reduce demand for our biologics products and impact the supply of available donor tissue.

Media reports or other negative publicity concerning both alleged improper methods of tissue recovery from donors and disease transmission from donated tissue could limit widespread acceptance of some of our biologics products. Unfavorable reports of improper or illegal tissue recovery practices, both in the United States and internationally, as well as incidents of improperly processed tissue leading to the transmission of disease, may broadly affect the rate of future tissue donation and market acceptance of technologies incorporating human tissue. In addition, such negative publicity could cause the families of potential donors to become reluctant to agree to donate tissue to for-profit tissue processors.

Substantially all of our revenue is conducted through independent sales agents and distributors who we do not control.

Substantially all of our revenue is conducted through independent sales agents and distributors. Because the independent sales agent or distributor often controls the customer relationships within its territory (and, in certain countries outside the United States, the regulatory relationship), there is a risk that if our relationship with the independent sales agent or distributor ends, our relationship with the customer will be lost (and, in certain countries outside the United States, that we could experience delays in amending or transferring our product registrations). Also, because we do not control the independent sales agent or field sales agents of a distributor, there is a risk we will be unable to ensure that our sales processes, compliance, and other priorities will be consistently communicated and executed by the sales agent or distributor. If we fail to maintain relationships with our key independent sales agents and distributors or fail to ensure that our independent sales agent and distributors adhere to our sales processes, compliance, and other priorities, this could have an adverse effect on our operations. Changes to or turnover within our independent sales agent or distributor organization or transitions to direct selling models also could adversely affect our business if these transitions are not managed effectively. Further, independent sales agents and distributors of companies we have acquired may decide not to renew or may decide to seek to terminate, change and/or renegotiate their relationships with us. A loss of a significant number of our sales agent or distributors could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

In addition, our success is partially dependent upon our ability to retain and motivate our independent sales agents and distributors, and their representatives to sell our products in certain territories. They may not be successful in implementing our marketing plans. Some of our independent sales agents and distributors do not sell our products exclusively and may offer similar products from other companies. Our independent sales agents and distributors may terminate their contracts with us, may devote insufficient sales efforts to our products, or may focus their sales efforts on other products that produce greater commissions or revenues for them, which could have an adverse effect on our operations and operating results.

We depend on a limited number of third-party suppliers for products, components and raw materials and losing any of these suppliers, or their inability to provide us with an adequate supply of materials that meet our quality and other requirements or our failure to order a sufficient supply of products, components and raw materials, could harm our business and operating results.

Outside suppliers, some of whom are sole-source suppliers, provide us with products and raw materials and components used in manufacturing our orthobiologics and spinal implant products. We strive to maintain sufficient inventory of products, raw materials and components so that our production will not be significantly disrupted if a particular product, raw material or component is not available to us for a period of time, including as a result of a supplier’s loss of its ISO or other certification, long required lead times, or other reasons. Despite our efforts, we sometimes experience an insufficient inventory of products, raw materials and/or components. If we fail to plan our procurement accordingly or are unable to obtain sufficient quantities of raw materials and components used in manufacturing our orthobiologics and spinal implant products that meet our quality and other requirements on a timely basis for any reason, we may not produce sufficient quantities of our products to meet market demand until a new or alternative supply source is identified and qualified and, as a result, we could lose customers, our reputation could be harmed, and our business could suffer. Furthermore, an uncorrected defect or supplier’s variation in a component or raw material that is incompatible with our manufacturing, unknown to us, could harm our ability to manufacture products.

Although we believe there are alternative supply sources, replacing our suppliers may be impractical or difficult in many instances. For example, we could have difficulty obtaining similar products from other suppliers that are acceptable to the FDA or other foreign regulatory authorities. In addition, if we are required to transition to new suppliers for certain components or raw materials of our products, the use of components or materials furnished by these alternative suppliers could require us to alter our operations, and if we are required to change the manufacturer of a critical component of our products, we will have to verify that the new manufacturer maintains facilities, procedures and operations that comply with our quality and applicable regulatory requirements, which could further impede our ability to manufacture our products in a timely manner. Transitioning to a new supplier could be time-consuming and expensive, may result in interruptions in our operations and product delivery, could affect the performance specifications of our products or could require that we modify the design of those systems.

We are highly dependent on the continued availability of our facilities and would be harmed if they were unavailable for any prolonged period of time.

Any failure in the physical infrastructure of our facilities or services could lead to significant costs and disruptions that could reduce our revenues and harm our business, reputation and financial results. We are highly reliant on our Belgrade, Montana facilities. Any natural or man-made event that impacts our ability to utilize these facilities could have a significant impact on our operating results, reputation and ability to continue operations. The regulatory process for approval of facilities is time-consuming and our ability to rebuild facilities would take a considerable amount of time and expense and cause a significant disruption in service to our customers. Further, the FDA or some other regulatory agency could identify deficiencies in future inspections of our facilities or our supplies that could disrupt our business and harm our operating results.

We may be party to product liability litigation that could be expensive, and our insurance coverage may not be adequate in a catastrophic situation.

The manufacture and sale of medical devices and biologics expose us to significant risk of product liability claims, which are made against us from time to time. We may incur material liabilities relating to product liability claims, including product liability claims arising out of the use of our products, if the liabilities exceed or are not covered under our insurance program. No assurance can be provided that any amounts that we may be required to pay to resolve such matters in the future will be within our insurance limits.

We also could experience a material design or manufacturing failure in our products, a quality system failure, other safety issues, or heightened regulatory scrutiny that would warrant a recall of some of our products. Product liability lawsuits and claims, safety alerts and product recalls, regardless of their ultimate outcome, could result in decreased demand for our products, injury to our reputation, significant litigation and other costs, substantial monetary awards to or costly settlements with patients, product recalls, loss of revenue, increased regulatory scrutiny, and the inability to commercialize new products or product candidates, and otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business and reputation and on our ability to attract and retain customers.

Our quarterly operating results are subject to substantial fluctuations, and you should not rely on them as an indication of our annual or future results.

Our quarterly revenue and operating results have varied and in the future may vary significantly, and period-to-period comparisons of our results of operations are not necessarily meaningful and should not be relied upon as indications of our annual results or future performance. Any shortfalls in revenue or earnings from levels expected by industry analysts or investors, as a result of such quarterly fluctuations or otherwise, could have an immediate and significant adverse effect on the market price of our common stock in any given period. Our quarterly operating results may vary significantly due to a combination of factors, many of which are beyond our control. These factors include, among others:

Our business, operating results and financial condition may be materially adversely affected by COVID-19 and other infectious diseases.

At the onset of, and at various times during, the COVID-19 pandemic, hospitals and other medical facilities cancelled or deferred elective procedures, diverted resources to patients suffering from infections and limited access for non-patients, including our direct and indirect sales representatives. Additionally, hospitals and other medical facilities have since experienced high levels of staff turnover. Because of these circumstances, surgeons and their patients occasionally deferred procedures in which our products otherwise would be used. These circumstances negatively impacted the number of elective procedures being conducted and the ability of our employees, independent sales representatives and distributors to effectively market and sell our products, which had a material adverse effect on our revenues. Similar conditions arising from a resurgence of COVID-19 infections, RSV, the flu, or other infectious diseases could similarly cause surgeons and their patients to defer procedures in which our products otherwise would be used and limit the ability of our employees, independent representatives and distributors to effectively market and sell our products, which could again have a material adverse effect on our revenues.

Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could result in declines in our earnings and changes in our foreign currency translation adjustments.

Because the functional currency of our foreign operations is the applicable local currency, we are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk arising from transactions in the normal course of business. Our principal exchange rate exposure is with the Euro, the Swiss franc and the British pound against the U.S. dollar. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could result in declines in our earnings. Any changes in foreign currency exchange rates would be reflected as a foreign currency translation adjustment. We do not hedge against our foreign currency exchange rate risk.

Our ability to deduct interest is limited.

Our ability to deduct interest on indebtedness properly allocable to our trade or business (which excludes investment interest) is limited to an amount equal to the sum of (i) our business interest income during the taxable year and (ii) 30% of our adjusted taxable income for such taxable year. For taxable years beginning after 2021, our adjusted taxable income for purposes of computing the 30% limitation will be reduced by depreciation, amortization and depletion deductions thereby causing a more restrictive limitation than that which existed for taxable years beginning prior to 2022. Disallowed interest deductions may be carried forward indefinitely and treated as business interest paid or accrued in the succeeding taxable year.

A shift in performing more procedures in ambulatory surgical centers from hospitals would likely reduce the prices of our products and margins.

We anticipate that more outpatient eligible procedures may be performed in ambulatory surgery centers and that this trend will continue as a cost control measure within the healthcare system. Because ambulatory surgery center facility fee reimbursement is typically less than facility fee reimbursement for hospitals and due to surgeons’ potential ownership interests in ambulatory surgery centers, we typically experience reduced pricing of our products by ambulatory surgery centers than by hospitals, and the average price for which we sell our products to ambulatory surgery centers is less than the average prices we charge to hospitals. In addition, some surgeons may choose to use fewer implants due to their interest in the profitability of the ambulatory surgery center. An accelerated shift of procedures using our products to ambulatory surgery centers could adversely impact the average selling prices of our products and our revenues could suffer as a result.

Risks Related to Governmental Regulation

Our business is subject to extensive regulation, including requirements for regulatory clearances or approvals prior to commercial distribution of our products. If we fail to maintain regulatory clearances and approvals, or are unable to obtain, or experience significant delays in obtaining, FDA clearances or approvals for our future products or product enhancements, our ability to commercially distribute and market these products could suffer.

Our medical device products and operations are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and various other federal, state and foreign governmental authorities. Government regulation of medical devices is meant to assure their safety and effectiveness, and includes regulation of, among other things:

Before a new medical device, or a new use of, or claim for, an existing product can be marketed in the United States, it must first receive either premarket clearance under Section 510(k) of the FDCA, a de novo classification or a PMA, from the FDA, unless an exemption applies. The process of obtaining regulatory clearances or approvals to market a medical device can be costly and time-consuming, and we may not be able to obtain these clearances or approvals on a timely basis, if at all.

Most of our currently commercialized products have received premarket clearances under Section 510(k) of the FDCA. In the future, the FDA may determine that our products will require the more costly, lengthy and uncertain de novo or PMA processes. If the FDA requires us to go through a lengthier, more rigorous examination for future products or modifications to existing products than we had expected, our product introductions or modifications could be delayed or canceled, which could adversely affect our revenue. Although we do not currently market any devices under PMA and have not gone through the de novo classification process for marketing authorization, we cannot assure you that the FDA will not demand that we obtain a PMA or de novo classification prior to marketing or that we will be able to obtain 510(k) clearances with respect to future products.

The FDA can delay, limit or deny clearance or approval of a device for many reasons, including:

In addition, even if we do obtain clearance or approval, the FDA may not approve or clear these products for the indications that are necessary or desirable for successful commercialization. Any delay in, or failure to receive or maintain, clearances or approvals for our products under development could prevent us from generating revenue from these products or achieving profitability.

Our clinical trials involve risk and expense and may fail to demonstrate competent and reliable evidence of the safety and effectiveness of our products, which in the case of product in development would prevent or delay their commercialization.

As a result of our acquisition of the Coflex product line, we are required by the FDA to conduct a post-market surveillance study. In addition, we may be required to conduct other clinical studies that demonstrate competent and reliable evidence that our products are safe and effective before we can commercialize our products. Clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. We cannot be certain that our planned clinical trials or any other future clinical trials will be successful. In addition, even if such clinical trials are successfully completed, we cannot guarantee that the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities will interpret the results as we do, and more trials could be required before we submit our products for approval. To the extent that the results of the trials are not satisfactory to the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities for support of a marketing application, we may be required to expend significant resources, which may not be available to us, to conduct additional trials in support of potential approval of our products. Even if regulatory approval is secured for any of our products, the terms of such approval may limit the scope and use of our products, which may also limit their commercial potential. The commencement or completion of any clinical trial may be delayed or halted, or be inadequate to support approval of a PMA application, for numerous reasons, including, but not limited to, the following:

We are subject, directly and indirectly, to federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws, false claims laws, and physician payment transparency laws. Failure to comply with these laws may subject us to substantial penalties.

We are subject to federal and state healthcare laws and regulations pertaining to fraud and abuse, and physician payment transparency, including false claims laws, anti-kickback laws and physician self-referral laws. Many states require compliance with different types of pricing transparency requirements such as having a code of conduct, as well as reporting remuneration paid to health care professionals or entities in a position to influence prescribing behavior. Violations of these federal and state laws can result in criminal and/or civil punishment, including fines, imprisonment and, in the United States, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs. Greater scrutiny of marketing practices in our industry has resulted in numerous government investigations, prosecutions and settlements by various government authorities and this industry-wide enforcement activity is expected to continue. If a governmental authority were to determine that we do not comply with these laws and regulations, the Company and our directors, officers and employees could be subject to criminal and civil penalties, including exclusion from participation in U.S. federal healthcare reimbursement programs.

Many of these healthcare laws inevitably influence company standards of conduct. Other laws tie into these standards as well, such as compliance with the advertising and promotion regulations under the FDCA, the U.S. Federal Anti-Kickback Statute, the Federal False Claims Act, the Federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act and other laws. We use many distributors and independent sales representatives in certain territories and thus rely upon their compliance with applicable laws and regulations, such as with the advertising and promotion regulations or similar laws under countries located outside the United States and other applicable federal, state or international laws. These laws include:

Certain of these laws have exceptions and “safe harbors” which if met may protect certain arrangements from liability. For example, certain financial payments that might otherwise implicate the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute will be permitted under the state if they are structured to comply with one of various statutory exceptions or regulatory safe harbors established by the Office of Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. These safe harbors include, for example, the “Discount” safe harbor which allows manufacturers of goods covered by federal payor programs to provide discounts to their customers in the form of rebates, volume discounts and the like as long as those discounts meet the express requirements of the safe harbor. Other safe harbors under the Anti-Kickback Statute may also apply to consulting, teaching and other personal service arrangements we may have with physicians and marketing personnel. These safe harbors are technical in nature and failure to meet any element of a safe harbor will cause an arrangement to lose safe harbor protection. In addition, there may not be safe harbors or exceptions for every potential financial arrangement we may enter into and, and even if there are, no assurances can be given that any of our arrangements or relationships will meet an otherwise applicable safe harbor.

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and safe harbors available under such laws, it is possible that some of our business activities, including our relationships with customers, marketing personnel, physicians and other healthcare providers, some of whom have or may have ownership interests in the Company and recommend and/or use our products, could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. We are also exposed to the risk that our employees, independent contractors, principal investigators, consultants, vendors, and distributors may engage in fraudulent or other illegal activity. Misconduct by these parties could include, among other infractions or violations, intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct or unauthorized activity that violates FDA regulations, manufacturing standards, federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations, laws that require the true, complete and accurate reporting of financial information or data or other commercial or regulatory laws or requirements. It is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by our employees and other third parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations.

In addition, state and federal healthcare regulations are constantly evolving. Existing laws and regulations are subject to new and sometimes more restrictive interpretations on a regular basis so that arrangements we believe to be legally compliant could be deemed to be non-compliant under new interpretations. Similarly, new federal and state health care laws and regulations are being adopted on a regular basis. While we endeavor to identify and comply with these new laws and regulations, it is possible that we may be unaware of new legal requirements or interpretations which could result in our violation of these laws and/or regulations.

There is also an increasing trend toward more criminal prosecutions and compliance enforcement activities for noncompliance with the HIPAA and state data privacy laws as well as for data breaches involving protected health information (“PHI”). In the ordinary course of our business, we may receive PHI. If we are unable to comply with HIPAA or experience a data breach involving PHI, we could be subject to criminal and civil sanctions and incur substantial investigation, defense and remediation costs.

If our operations are found to violate any of the laws described above or any other laws and regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, the exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs and imprisonment, any of which could adversely affect our ability to market our products and materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business.

U.S. governmental regulation could restrict the use of our tissue products or our procurement of tissue.

In the United States, the procurement and transplantation of allograft bone tissue is subject to federal law pursuant to the National Organ Transplant Act (“NOTA”), a criminal statute which prohibits the purchase and sale of human organs used in human transplantation, including bone and related tissue, for “valuable consideration.” NOTA permits reasonable payments associated with the removal, transportation, processing, preservation, quality control, implantation and storage of human bone tissue. We provide services in all of these areas in the United States, with the exception of removal and implantation, and receive payments for all such services. We make payments to certain of our clients and tissue banks for their services related to recovering allograft bone tissue on our behalf. If NOTA is interpreted or enforced in a manner which prevents us from receiving payment for services we render, or which prevents us from paying tissue banks or certain of our clients for the services they render for us, our business could be materially and adversely affected.

We are engaged through our marketing employees, independent sales agents and sales representatives in ongoing efforts designed to educate the medical community as to the benefits of our products, and we intend to continue our educational activities. Although we believe that NOTA permits payments in connection with these educational efforts as reasonable payments associated with the processing, transportation and implantation of our products, payments in connection with such education efforts are not exempt from NOTA’s restrictions and our inability to make such payments in connection with our education efforts may prevent us from paying our sales representatives for their education efforts and could adversely affect our business and prospects. No federal agency or court has determined whether NOTA is, or will be, applicable to every allograft bone tissue-based material which our processing technologies may generate. Assuming that NOTA applies to our processing of allograft bone tissue, we believe that we comply with NOTA, but there can be no assurance that more restrictive interpretations of, or amendments to, NOTA will not be adopted in the future which would call into question one or more aspects of our method of operations.

Outside of the United States, our medical devices must comply with the laws and regulations of the foreign countries in which they are marketed, and compliance may be costly and time-consuming. Failure to obtain and maintain regulatory approvals in jurisdictions outside the United States will prevent us from marketing our products in such jurisdictions.

We currently market, and intend to continue to market, our products outside the United States. To market and sell our product in countries outside the United States, we must seek and obtain regulatory approvals, certifications or registrations and comply with the laws and regulations of those countries. These laws and regulations, including the requirements for approvals, certifications or registrations and the time required for regulatory review, vary from country to country. Obtaining and maintaining foreign regulatory approvals, certifications or registrations are expensive, and we cannot be certain that we will receive regulatory approvals, certifications or registrations in any foreign country in which we plan to market our products. The regulatory approval process outside the United States may include all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA clearance or approval in addition to other risks.

In order to market our products in the Member States of the European Economic Area (“EEA”), our devices are required to comply with the essential requirements of the EU Medical Devices Regulation 2017/745, which became effective in spring 2020 and implemented stricter control, transparency, and enforcement and strengthened post market surveillance requirements.

Compliance with these requirements entitles us to affix the CE conformity mark to our medical devices, without which they cannot be commercialized in the EEA. In order to demonstrate compliance with the essential requirements and obtain the right to affix the CE conformity mark we must undergo a conformity assessment procedure, which varies according to the type of medical device and its classification. Except for low risk medical devices (Class I), where the manufacturer can issue an EC Declaration of Conformity based on a self-assessment of the conformity of its products with the essential requirements of the Medical Devices Directives, a conformity assessment procedure requires the intervention of a “Notified Body”, which is an organization accredited by a Member State of the EEA to conduct conformity assessments. The Notified Body would typically audit and examine the quality system for the manufacture, design and final inspection of our devices before issuing a certification demonstrating compliance with the essential requirements. Based on this certification we can draw up an EC Declaration of Conformity, which allows us to affix the CE mark to our products.

We may not obtain regulatory approvals or certifications outside the United States on a timely basis, if at all. Clearance or approval by the FDA does not ensure approval or certification by regulatory authorities or Notified Bodies in other countries, and approval or certification by one foreign regulatory authority or Notified Body does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or by the FDA. We may be required to perform additional pre-clinical or clinical studies even if FDA clearance or approval, or the right to bear the CE mark, has been obtained. If we fail to obtain or maintain regulatory approvals, certifications or registrations in any foreign country in which we plan to market our products, our business, financial condition and operating results could be adversely affected.

In the EEA, we must comply with the EU Medical Device Vigilance System, the purpose of which is to improve the protection of health and safety of patients, users and others by reducing the likelihood of reoccurrence of incidents related to the use of a medical device. Under this system, incidents must be reported to the competent authorities of the Member States of the EEA. An incident is defined as any malfunction or deterioration in the characteristics and/or performance of a device, as well as any inadequacy in the labeling or the instructions for use which, directly or indirectly, might lead to or might have led to the death of a patient or user or of other persons or to a serious deterioration in their state of health. Incidents are evaluated by the EEA competent authorities to whom they have been reported, and where appropriate, information is disseminated between them in the form of National Competent Authority Reports. The Medical Device Vigilance System is further intended to facilitate a direct, early and harmonized implementation of Field Safety Corrective Actions (“FSCAs”) across the Member States of the EEA where the device is in use. An FSCA is an action taken by a manufacturer to reduce a risk of death or serious deterioration in the state of health associated with the use of a medical device that is already placed on the market. An FSCA may include the recall, modification, exchange, destruction or retrofitting of the device. FSCAs must be communicated by the manufacturer or its legal representative to its customers and/or to the end users of the device through Field Safety Notices.

Further, the advertising and promotion of our products is subject to EEA Member States Medical Device related laws including 2017/745, the new Medical Device Regulation, or the 2006/114/EC concerning misleading and comparative advertising, as amended, or Directive 2005/29/EC on unfair commercial practices, as amended, as well as other EEA Member State legislation governing the advertising and promotion of medical devices. These laws may limit or restrict the advertising and promotion of our products to the general public and may impose limitations on our promotional activities with healthcare professionals. Our failure to comply with all these laws and requirements may harm our business and operating results.

We may also be required to perform post market clinical follow up studies to periodically evaluate the safety and performance of previously approved products. The results of these studies may cause us to lose our approvals, to market the product or require us to modify our products to address deficiencies in order to preserve our approvals to market the product.

Modifications to our products may require new regulatory clearances or approvals or may require us to recall or cease marketing our products until clearances or approvals are obtained.

Any modification to a 510(k)-cleared device that could significantly affect its safety or effectiveness, including significant changes to a device’s design, materials, chemical composition, energy source, or manufacturing process, or that would constitute a major change in its intended use, may require a new 510(k) clearance, a de novo classification, or possibly a PMA. Modifications to our products that were implemented without obtaining clearance or approval and for which FDA subsequently concludes that clearance or approval was required, may require us to recall or cease marketing the modified devices until clearance or approval is obtained. The FDA requires device manufacturers to initially make and document a determination of whether or not a modification requires a new approval, supplement or clearance. To do that, a manufacturer must determine if a change/modification to labeling of the device is a “major” change to the intended use statement (previously cleared by the FDA) or if a physical change/modification to the device itself “could significantly affect safety or effectiveness.” If the labeling change is major and/or the physical change significantly affects safety and effectiveness, the manufacturer must file for an additional 510(k) clearance, de novo classification, or PMA for those changes before the modified device can be lawfully marketed. If the Company concludes in its own self-determination that the changes do not meet either of the thresholds of “major “or “significantly affects,” it may simply document those changes by way of an internal letter-to-file as part of the manufacturer’s quality system recording keeping. However, the FDA can review a manufacturer’s decision and may disagree. The FDA will normally review a decision made by a manufacturer in a letter-to-file during a routine plant inspection, which FDA targets to conduct every two years for high-risk (Class III) device manufacturers and certain low and moderate risk (Class I and II) device manufacturers. In such a review the FDA may determine that a new clearance or approval was required before the device was put into commercial distribution.

We have made modifications to our products in the past that we concluded did not require a new clearance or approval, and we may make additional modifications in the future that we believe do not or will not require additional clearances or approvals. No assurance can be given that the FDA would agree with any of our decisions not to seek 510(k) clearance, de novo classification, or PMA approval. The issue of whether a product modification requires clearance or approval, as opposed to a “letter-to-file” documenting the change, is not always clear and companies rely on FDA guidance to assist in making such decisions.

If the FDA requires us to cease marketing and recall a modified device until we obtain a new 510(k) clearance, de novo classification, or PMA, our business, financial condition, operating results and future growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected. Further, our products could be subject to recall if the FDA determines, for any reason, that our products are not safe or effective. Any recall or FDA requirement that we seek additional approvals or clearances could result in significant delays, fines, increased costs associated with modification of a product, loss of revenue and potential operating restrictions imposed by the FDA. Obtaining clearances and approvals can be a time-consuming process, and delays in obtaining required future clearances or approvals would adversely affect our ability to introduce new or enhanced products in a timely manner, which in turn would harm our future growth.

Our manufacturing operations are required to comply with the FDA’s and other governmental authorities’ laws and regulations regarding the manufacture and production of medical devices, which is costly and could subject us to enforcement action.

We and certain of our third-party manufacturers and suppliers are required to comply with the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices (“cGMP”) requirements and Quality System Regulations (“QSR”), set to be replaced by the Quality Management System Regulation (“QMSR”) in February 2026, which cover, among other things, the methods of documentation of the design, testing, production, control, quality assurance, labeling, packaging, sterilization, storage and shipping of our products. We and certain of our suppliers also are subject to the regulations of foreign jurisdictions regarding the manufacturing process for our products marketed outside of the United States. The FDA enforces the QSR through periodic announced (routine) and unannounced (for cause or directed) inspections of manufacturing facilities. The failure by us or one of our third-party manufacturers or suppliers to comply with applicable statutes and regulations administered by the FDA and other regulatory bodies, or the failure to timely and adequately respond to any adverse inspectional observations or product safety issues, could result in, among other things, any of the following enforcement actions:

Any of these actions could impair our ability to produce our products in a cost-effective and timely manner in order to meet our customers’ demands. We also may be required to bear other costs or take other actions that may have a negative impact on our future revenue and other operating results. Furthermore, our key component suppliers may not currently be or may not continue to be in compliance with all applicable regulatory requirements, which could result in our failure to produce our products on a timely basis and in the required quantities, if at all.

Even if our medical device products are cleared or approved by regulatory authorities, if we or our suppliers fail to comply with ongoing FDA or other foreign regulatory authority requirements, or if we experience unanticipated problems with our products, these products could be subject to restrictions or withdrawal from the market.

Any product that we market will be subject to continued regulatory review, oversight and periodic inspections by the FDA and other domestic and foreign regulatory bodies. Such oversight will cover, among other things, the product’s design and manufacturing processes, our quality system and compliance with reporting requirements, our compliance with post-approval clinical data requirements, and our promotional activities related to our products.

Even if regulatory clearance or approval of a product is granted, such clearance or approval may be subject to limitations on the intended uses for which the product may be marketed and reduce our potential to successfully commercialize the product and generate revenue from the product. If the FDA determines that our promotional materials, labeling, training or other marketing or educational activities constitute promotion of an unapproved use, it could request that we cease or modify our training or promotional materials or subject us to regulatory enforcement actions. It is also possible that other federal, state or foreign enforcement authorities might take action if they consider our training or other promotional materials to constitute promotion of an unapproved use, which could result in significant fines or penalties under other statutory authorities, such as laws prohibiting false claims for reimbursement.

In addition, we may be required to conduct costly post-market testing and surveillance to monitor the safety or effectiveness of our products. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with our products, including unanticipated adverse events or adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, manufacturing problems, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements such as QSR or QMSR, may result in, among other things, changes to labeling, restrictions on such products or manufacturing processes, product corrections, removal of the products from the market, voluntary or mandatory recalls, a requirement to repair, replace or refund the cost of any medical device we manufacture or distribute, fines, withdrawal of regulatory clearance or approvals, delays in or refusals of new 510(k)s, de novo requests or PMA applications, untitled letters, warning letters, refusal to grant export certificates for our products, product seizures, injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties which would adversely affect our business, operating results and prospects.

The use, misuse or off-label use of our products may harm our image in the marketplace or result in injuries that lead to product liability suits, which could be costly to our business or result in FDA sanctions if we are deemed to have engaged in improper promotion of our products.

Our products currently marketed in the United States have been cleared through the FDA’s 510(k) process for use under specific circumstances. Our promotional materials and training methods must comply with FDA and other applicable laws and regulations, including the prohibition on the promotion of a medical device for a use that has not been cleared or approved by the FDA. We believe that the specific surgical procedures for which our products are marketed fall within the general intended use of the surgical applications that have been cleared by the FDA. However, the FDA could disagree and require us to stop promoting our products for those specific indications/procedures until we obtain FDA clearance or approval for them. Use of a device outside of its cleared or approved indication is known as “off-label” use. We cannot prevent a surgeon from using our products for off-label use, as the FDA does not restrict or regulate a physician’s choice of treatment within the practice of medicine. However, if the FDA determines that our promotional activities, reimbursement advice or training of sales representatives or physicians constitute promotion of an off-label use, the FDA could request that we modify our training or promotional or reimbursement materials or subject us to regulatory or enforcement actions, including, among other things, the issuance of an untitled letter, a warning letter, injunction, seizure, disgorgement of profits, a civil fines and criminal penalties. Other federal, state or foreign governmental authorities also might take action if they consider our promotion or training materials to constitute promotion of an uncleared or unapproved use, which could result in significant fines or penalties under other statutory authorities, such as laws prohibiting false claims for reimbursement. For example, the government may take the position that off-label promotion resulted in inappropriate reimbursement for an off-label use in violation of the Federal False Claims Act for which it might impose a civil fine and even pursue criminal action. In those possible events, our reputation could be damaged, and adoption of the products would be impaired. Although we train our sales force not to promote our products for off-label uses, and our instructions for use in all markets specify that our products are not intended for use outside of those indications cleared for use, the FDA or another regulatory agency could conclude that we have engaged in off-label promotion.

There may be increased risk of injury and product liability if surgeons attempt to use our products off-label, misuse our products or do not follow recommended user techniques and guidelines. Product liability claims are expensive to defend and could divert our management’s attention and result in substantial damage awards against us. Furthermore, the use of our products for indications other than those indications for which our products have been cleared by the FDA may not effectively treat such conditions, which could harm our reputation in the marketplace among surgeons and patients. Any of these events could harm our business and operating results.

If our products cause or contribute to a death or serious injury, or malfunction in certain ways, we will be subject to medical device reporting regulations, which can result in voluntary corrective actions or agency or other governmental enforcement actions.

Under the FDA medical device reporting regulations and similar foreign governmental regulations, medical device manufacturers are required to report to the FDA or other governmental agencies information that a device has or may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury or has malfunctioned in a way that would likely cause or contribute to a death or serious injury if the malfunction of the device or one of our similar devices were to recur. Under the FDA’s reporting regulations applicable to HCT/Ps, we are required to report all adverse reactions involving a communicable disease if it is fatal, life threatening, results in permanent impairment of a body function or permanent damage to body structure, or necessitates medical or surgical intervention, including hospitalization. If we fail to report these events to the FDA within the required timeframes, or at all, the FDA could take enforcement action against us. Any such adverse event involving our products also could result in future voluntary corrective actions, such as recalls or customer notifications, or agency action, such as mandatory recalls, destruction, cessation of manufacturing, inspection or other enforcement action. Any corrective action, whether voluntary or involuntary, as well as defending ourselves in a lawsuit, would require the dedication of our time and capital, distract management from operating our business, and may harm our reputation and financial results. We are currently subject to certain product liability litigation, which could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations, especially if this litigation requires payments in amounts that exceed our product liability insurance coverage.

Any future product recall or voluntary market withdrawal of a product due to defects, enhancements and modifications or other reasons would significantly increase our costs.

The FDA and similar foreign governmental authorities have the authority to require the recall of commercialized products. In addition, foreign governmental bodies have the authority to require the recall of our products in the event of material deficiencies or defects in design or manufacture. Manufacturers may, under their own initiative, recall a product if any material deficiency in a device is found or for other reasons. A government-mandated or voluntary recall by us or one of our distributors could occur as a result of component failures, manufacturing errors, design or labeling defects or other deficiencies and issues. Recalls of any of our products would divert managerial and financial resources and could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. The FDA requires that certain recalls undertaken to reduce a risk to health be reported to the FDA within 10 working days after the recall is initiated. Companies are required to maintain certain records of recalls, even if they are not reportable to the FDA. We may initiate voluntary recalls involving our products in the future that we determine do not require notification of the FDA. If the FDA disagrees with our determinations, they could require us to report those actions as recalls. In addition, the FDA could take enforcement action for failing to report the recalls when they were conducted.

If we or our suppliers fail to comply with regulations pertaining to human cells, tissues, and cellular and tissue-based products or are deemed to be biological products requiring approval of a BLA prior to being marketed, these products could be subject to withdrawal from the market or other enforcement action.

Certain of our products are regulated as HCT/Ps. Section 361 of the PHSA authorizes the FDA to issue regulations to prevent the introduction, transmission or spread of communicable disease. HCT/Ps regulated as “361” HCT/Ps are subject to requirements relating to registering facilities and listing products with the FDA; screening and testing for tissue donor eligibility; and current Good Tissue Practice (“cGTPs”), when processing, storing, labeling, and distributing HCT/Ps, including required labeling information, stringent record keeping, and adverse event reporting, among other applicable requirements and laws. The FDA regulations also have additional requirements that address sub-contracted tissue services, tracking, and donor records review. If a tissue-based product is considered human tissue, the FDA requirements focus on preventing the introduction, transmission and spread of communicable diseases. A product regulated solely as a 361 HCT/P is not required to undergo 510(k) premarket clearance, de novo classification or PMA.

The FDA may inspect facilities engaged in manufacturing 361 HCT/Ps and may issue untitled letters, warning letters, or otherwise authorize orders of retention, recall, destruction and cessation of manufacturing if the FDA has reasonable grounds to believe that an HCT/P or the facilities where it is manufactured are in violation of applicable regulations. There also are requirements relating to the import of HCT/Ps that allow the FDA to make a decision as to the HCT/Ps’ admissibility into the United States.

An HCT/P is eligible for regulation solely as a 361 HCT/P if it is: (i) minimally manipulated; (ii) intended for homologous use as reflected by labeling, advertising or other indications of the manufacturer’s objective intent; (iii) the manufacture does not involve the combination of the HCT/P with another article, except for water, crystalloids or a sterilizing, preserving, or storage agent (not raising new clinical safety concerns for the HCT/P); and (iv) it does not have a systemic effect and is not dependent upon the metabolic activity of living cells for its primary function or, if it has a systemic effect or is dependent upon the metabolic activity of living cells for its primary function, it is intended for autologous use or allogeneic use in a first or second degree relative or for reproductive use. If any of these requirements are not met, then the HCT/P is also subject to applicable biologic, device, or drug regulation under the FDCA or the PHSA. These biologic, device or drug HCT/Ps must comply with the requirements exclusively applicable to 361 HCT/Ps and, in addition, with requirements applicable to biologics under the PHSA, or devices or drugs under the FDCA, including licensure, clearance or approval, as the case may be.

Over the course of several years, the FDA issued regulations that address manufacturer activities associated with HCT/Ps. The first requires that companies that manufacture HCT/Ps register with the FDA. This set of regulations also includes the criteria that must be met in order for the HCT/P to be eligible for regulation solely under Section 361 of the PHSA and the regulations in 21 CFR Part 1271, rather than under the drug or device provisions of the FDCA or the biological product licensing provisions of the PHSA. The second set of regulations provides criteria that must be met for donors to be eligible to donate tissues and is referred to as the “Donor Eligibility” rule. The third rule governs the processing and distribution of the tissues and is often referred to as the cGTP rule. The cGTP rule covers all stages of allograft processing, from procurement of tissue to distribution of final allografts. Together these regulations are designed to ensure that sound, high quality practices are followed to reduce the risk of tissue contamination and of communicable disease transmission.

At the time they came into effect approximately 20 years ago, these regulations increased regulatory scrutiny within the industry in which we operate and have led to increased enforcement action which affects the conduct of our business. In addition, these regulations can increase the cost of tissue recovery activities. The FDA periodically inspects tissue processors to determine compliance with these requirements. Allegations of violations of applicable regulations noted by the FDA during facility inspections could adversely affect the continued marketing of our products. We believe we comply with all aspects of 21 CFR Part 1271 that we are required to comply with, although there can be no assurance that we will be deemed by FDA to be in compliance. Entities that provide us with allograft bone tissue are responsible for performing donor recovery, donor screening and donor testing and our compliance with those aspects of the cGTP regulations that regulate those functions are dependent upon the actions of these independent entities. If our suppliers fail to comply with applicable requirements, our products and our business could be negatively affected. If the FDA determines that we have failed to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, it can impose a variety of regulatory actions, or enforcement actions from public warning letters, fines, injunctions, consent decrees and civil penalties to suspension or delayed issuance of approvals, seizure of our products, total or partial shutdown of our production, withdrawal of approvals, and criminal prosecutions. If any of these events were to occur, it could materially adversely affect us.

In addition, the FDA could disagree with our conclusion that one or more of our HCT/Ps meet the criteria for marketing solely under Section 361 of the PHSA, and therefore that one or more of the HCT/Ps require licensure, approval or clearance of a marketing application. The FDA could conclude that the tissue is more than minimally manipulated, that the product is intended for a non-homologous use, that the product is combined with another article, or that the product has a systemic effect or is dependent on the metabolic activity of living cells for its primary function. The FDA could also determine that a modification to an HCT/P makes it ineligible for regulation solely as a 361 HCT/P. If the FDA were to draw these conclusions, it would likely require clinical studies conducted pursuant to an investigational new drug application (“IND”) and the submission and licensure, approval or clearance of a marketing application in order for us to continue to market the product. Such an action by the FDA could cause negative publicity, decreased or discontinued product sales, and significant expense in obtaining required marketing licensure, approval or clearance.

Other regulatory entities with authority over our products and operations include state agencies enforcing statutes and regulations covering tissue banking. Regulations issued by Florida, New York, California and Maryland are particularly relevant to our business. Most states do not currently have tissue banking regulations. It is possible that others may make allegations against us or against donor recovery groups or tissue banks about non-compliance with applicable FDA regulations or other relevant statutes or regulations. Allegations like these could cause regulators or other authorities to take investigative or other action or could cause negative publicity for our business and the industry in which we operate.

Loss of AATB accreditation would have a material adverse effect on us.

We are accredited with the American Association of Tissue Banks, a private non-profit organization that accredits tissue banks and sets industry standards. Although AATB accreditation is voluntary and not required by law, as a practical matter, many of our customers would not purchase our products if we failed to maintain our AATB accreditation. Although we make every effort to maintain our AATB accreditation, the accreditation process is somewhat subjective and lacks regulatory oversight. There can be no assurance that we will continue to remain accredited with the AATB and any loss of our AATB accreditation would adversely affect our business and operating results.

Federal regulatory reforms may adversely affect our business and our ability to sell our products.

From time to time, legislation is drafted and introduced in Congress that could significantly change the statutory provisions governing the regulatory approval, manufacture and marketing of regulated products or the reimbursement thereof. In addition, FDA regulations and guidance are often revised or reinterpreted by the FDA in ways that may significantly affect our business and our products. For example, the FDA issued a final rule in February 2024 replacing the QSR with the QMSR, which incorporates by reference the quality management system requirements of ISO 13485:2016. The FDA has stated that the standards contained in ISO 13485:2016 are substantially similar to those set forth in the existing QSR. This final rule does not go into effect until February 2026. Any new regulations or revisions or reinterpretations of existing regulations may impose additional costs or lengthen review times of future products. FDA regulations and guidance are often revised or reinterpreted by the agency in ways that may significantly affect our business and our products. Additionally, if the Supreme Court reverses or curtails the Chevron doctrine, which gives deference to regulatory agencies in litigation against FDA and other agencies, more companies may bring lawsuits against FDA to challenge longstanding decisions and policies of FDA, which could undermine FDA’s authority, lead to uncertainties in the industry, and disrupt FDA’s normal operations, which could adversely affect our ability to sell our products. It is impossible to predict whether legislative or other changes will be enacted or FDA regulations, guidance or interpretations changed, and what the impact of such changes, if any, may be.

Our revenues depend upon prompt and adequate coverage and reimbursement from public and private insurers and national health systems.

The ability of healthcare providers to purchase our products depends in part on the extent to which reimbursement for the costs of such materials and related treatments is and will continue to be available from governmental health administration authorities, private health coverage insurers and other organizations. In the United States, healthcare providers who purchase our products generally rely on these third-party payors to pay for all or a portion of the cost of our products as a component of a single bundled payment amount for the procedures in which the products are used. Because there is often no separate third-party payor reimbursement to the provider for our products, the additional cost associated with purchasing our products can impact the provider’s profit margin for delivering the treatment that includes are product as a component. If third-party payor reimbursement to providers for procedures involving our products is eliminated or reduced, some of our target customers may be unwilling to purchase our products and may choose to instead purchase less expensive alternatives from our competitors. In addition, third-party payors for hospital services and hospital outpatient services, including Medicare, Medicaid and private healthcare insurers, typically revise their coverage and payment policies, methodologies and amounts on an annual basis, which can result in noncoverage, stricter standards for reimbursement of hospital charges for certain medical procedures or the elimination of or reduction in reimbursement. Further, Medicare, Medicaid and private healthcare insurer cutbacks could create downward price pressure on our products. Healthcare reform legislation at the federal and state levels could result in changes in coverage of and reimbursement for our products. Finally, our revenues also depend upon timely reimbursement data input from our independent agents. All of these factors could adversely affect our business.

Our business is subject to complex and evolving U.S. and international laws and regulation regarding privacy and data protection. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation and could result in claims, changes to our business practices, penalties, increased cost of operations, or otherwise harm our business.

Regulatory authorities around the world have enacted laws and regulations or are considering a number of legislative and regulatory proposals concerning data protection. The interpretation and application of consumer and data protection laws in the United States, the EU and elsewhere are often uncertain and subject to change. It is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our data practices. Failure to comply with any of these laws and regulations could result in enforcement action against us, including fines, public censure, claims for damages by affected individuals, damage to our reputation and loss of goodwill, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Legal developments in Europe have created compliance uncertainty regarding certain transfers of personal data from Europe to the United States. For example, the General Data Protection Regulation (EU 2016/679) (“GDPR”), which became effective in the EU on May 25, 2018, applies to our activities conducted from an establishment in the EU or related to products and services that we offer to EU customers. The GDPR created a range of new compliance obligations, which could cause us to change our business practices, and will significantly increase financial penalties for noncompliance. In addition, the European Commission in July 2016 and the Swiss Government in January 2017 approved the EU-U.S. and the Swiss-U.S. Privacy Shield frameworks, respectively, which are designed to allow U.S. companies that self-certify to the U.S. Department of Commerce and publicly commit to comply with the Privacy Shield requirements to freely import personal data from the EU and Switzerland. However, these frameworks have faced a number of legal challenges, and their validity remains subject to legal, regulatory and political developments in both the EU and the United States.

Risks Related to Human Capital Management

Our business is dependent upon a sufficient number of qualified workers, and competition for such talent is intense, especially around Belgrade, Montana, where the population is small and the labor market is tight. If we cannot attract and retain qualified personnel or if we must increase substantially our labor costs to attract and retain qualified personnel, the growth and success of our business, as well as our operating results and financial condition, may be adversely affected.

The population around Belgrade, Montana, where our headquarters and production facilities are located, is small, and as a result, there is a limited number of qualified personnel available in all functional areas, which has made it difficult for us to attract and retain the qualified personnel necessary for the development, operation and growth of our business. We have been further impacted by the recent labor shortage. Additionally, the rising cost of living in Belgrade, Montana and surrounding areas has caused some members of the labor force to leave these areas in search of more affordable living arrangements, which has worsened our local labor shortage. Our ability to maintain our productivity at competitive levels and increase production in the future may be limited by our ability to employ, train and retain personnel necessary to meet our requirements. Companies in our industry, including us, are dependent upon an available labor pool of qualified employees. We compete for qualified personnel with other companies, academic institutions, governmental entities, and other organizations. A shortage in the labor pool of workers, which we believe currently exists in Belgrade, Montana, and which has worsened in the past year, has made it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified personnel. We cannot be certain that we will be able to maintain an adequate qualified labor force necessary to operate efficiently and to support our growth strategy and operations. During 2022 and to a lesser degree during 2023, these labor shortages contributed to production shortages and, from time to time, an inability for us to operate at full capacity. The tight labor market in the Belgrade, Montana, area also has required us to enhance our wages and benefit packages to attract a sufficient number of workers, and it is possible that these increased labor costs may not be effective in recruiting and retaining a sufficient number of qualified personnel. During 2023, we increased our recruiting and onboarding activities to combat these issues. However, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in retaining our current personnel or in hiring or retaining a sufficient number of qualified personnel in the future. If we cannot attract and retain qualified personnel or if we must increase substantially our labor costs to attract and retain qualified personnel, the growth and success of our business, as well as our operating results and financial condition, will be adversely affected.

We have limited staffing and are dependent upon key employees.

Our success is dependent upon the efforts of a relatively small management team and staff. We have experienced a high level of employee turnover in past years, including members of our management team. We have employment arrangements in place with our executive and other officers, but none of these executive and other officers are bound legally to remain employed with Xtant for any specific term. We do not have key person life insurance policies covering our executive and other officers or any of our other employees. If key individuals were to leave Xtant, our business could be affected adversely if suitable replacement personnel are not recruited quickly.

Risks Related to Our Outstanding Indebtedness, Need for Additional Financing and Financial Condition

We have incurred significant losses, expect to continue to incur losses and may not achieve or sustain profitability.

We have a history of incurring net losses, and at December 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $243.0 million. However, during the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized net income of $660 thousand. Our ability to achieve profitability will be influenced by many factors, including, among others, the level and timing of future revenues and expenditures; development, commercialization, market acceptance and availability and supply of our products; competing technologies and market developments; our ability to develop and introduce new products; regulatory requirements and delays; the strength of our relationships with our independent sales agents and distributors; and our ability to attract and retain key personnel. As a result, we may continue to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future. These losses will continue to have an adverse impact on our stockholders’ equity, and we may never achieve or sustain profitability.

We may need additional financing to satisfy our anticipated future liquidity requirements, which financing may not be available on favorable terms, or at all, at the time it is needed and which could reduce our operational and strategic flexibility.

Although it is difficult for us to predict our future liquidity requirements, we believe that our cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash balance of approximately $5.6 million as of December 31, 2023, together with existing credit availability under our Amended and Restated Credit, Security and Guarantee Agreement (Term Loan), (the “Term Credit Agreement”), and Amended and Restated Credit, Security and Guaranty Agreement (Revolving Loan), (the “Revolving Credit Agreement” and, together with the Term Credit Agreement, the “Credit Agreements”), with MidCap Financial Trust and MidCap Funding IV Trust (together, “MidCap”), each in its respective capacity as agent, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements through at least the end of March 2025. Although we have availability under our Term Credit Agreement, our ability to obtain additional term loans under this agreement is in the sole and absolute discretion of MidCap and the lenders. Additionally, although we have availability under our Revolving Credit Agreement, the availability of such funds is determined based on a borrowing base equal to percentages of certain accounts receivable and inventory. These credit facilities have a maturity date of March 1, 2029, and all of our indebtedness thereunder matures on such date. We may require or we may seek additional funds to fund our future operations and business strategy prior to March 2025. Accordingly, there is no assurance that we will not need or seek additional funding at any time. We may elect to raise additional funds even before we need them if market conditions for raising additional capital are favorable. We may seek to raise additional funds through various sources, such as equity and debt financings, additional debt restructurings or refinancings, or through strategic collaborations, license agreements or acquisition transactions. We can give no assurances that we will be able to secure additional sources of funds to support our operations, or if such funds are available to us, that such additional financing will be sufficient to meet our needs or on terms acceptable to us. This is particularly true if economic and market conditions deteriorate. Any failure by us to raise additional funds on terms favorable to us, or at all, could result in our inability to pay our expenses as they come due, limit our ability to expand our business operations, and harm our overall business prospects. If adequate funds are not otherwise available, we could be required to curtail operations significantly, including reducing our sales and marketing expenses, which could negatively impact product sales, delaying new product initiatives, and we could even be required to cease operations, liquidate our assets and possibly seek bankruptcy protection.

To the extent we raise additional financing through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities or the restructuring or refinancing of our outstanding debt, the interests of our current stockholders may be diluted, and the terms may include discounted equity purchase prices, warrant coverage, or liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our current stockholders. If we issue common stock, we may do so at purchase prices that represent a discount to our trading price and/or we may issue warrants to purchasers, which could dilute our current stockholders. If we issue preferred stock, it could affect the rights of our stockholders or reduce the value of our common stock. In particular, specific rights granted to future holders of preferred stock may include voting rights, preferences as to dividends and liquidation, conversion and redemption rights, sinking fund provisions, and restrictions on our ability to merge with or sell our assets to a third party. Additional debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. Prior to raising additional equity or debt financing, we must obtain the consent of MidCap and ROS and Royalty Opportunities, and no assurance can be provided that MidCap, ROS or Royalty Opportunities would provide such consent, which could limit our ability to raise additional financing.

We have indebtedness which matures on March 1, 2029. We may not be able to extend the maturity date of or replace our Credit Agreements or generate enough cash flow from our operations to service our indebtedness, and we may incur additional indebtedness in the future, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results.

As of December 31, 2023, we had $21.6 million of principal outstanding under our Credit Agreements, which indebtedness matures on March 1, 2029. Although we believe that we will be able to refinance or pay off our outstanding indebtedness or extend the maturity date of that facility at the appropriate time, no assurance can be provided that we will do so on terms that are favorable to us or at all. Our ability to make payments on, and to refinance, our indebtedness, and our ability to fund planned capital expenditures, contractual cash obligations, known and unknown liabilities, research and development efforts, working capital, any future acquisitions and business combinations, and other general corporate purposes depends on our ability to generate cash in the future. This, to a certain extent, is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory, and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. If we do not generate sufficient cash flow from operations or if future borrowings are not available to us in an amount sufficient to pay our indebtedness or to fund our liquidity needs, we may be forced to refinance all or a portion of our indebtedness on or before the maturity dates thereof, sell assets, reduce or delay capital expenditures, seek to raise additional capital, or take other similar actions. We may not be able to execute any of these actions on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Our ability to refinance our indebtedness will depend on our financial condition at the time, the restrictions in the instruments governing our indebtedness, the consent of our lender, and other factors, including market conditions. Our inability to generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy our debt service obligations, or to refinance or restructure our obligations on commercially reasonable terms or at all, would likely have an adverse effect, which could be material, on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

In addition, our significant indebtedness, combined with our other financial obligations and contractual commitments, could have other important consequences. For example, it could:

Any of these factors could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results. In addition, we may incur additional indebtedness, and if we do, the risks related to our business and our ability to service our indebtedness would increase.

A failure to comply with the covenants and other provisions of our Credit Agreements may cause suspension or termination of the Credit Agreements and/or require the immediate repayment of our outstanding indebtedness. If we are at any time unable to generate sufficient cash flows from operations to service our indebtedness when payment is due, we may be required to attempt to renegotiate the terms of the Credit Agreements, seek to refinance all or a portion of the indebtedness, or obtain additional financing. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully renegotiate such terms, that any such refinancing would be possible, or that any additional financing could be obtained on terms that are favorable or acceptable to us.

The terms of our Credit Agreements substantially limit our ability to conduct and invest in our business, take advantage of business opportunities, and respond to changing business, market, and economic conditions.

Our Credit Agreements include a number of significant financial and operating restrictions. For example, the Credit Agreements require us to maintain net product revenue at or above minimum levels and to maintain a minimum liquidity threshold, in each case at levels specified in the Credit Agreements. The Credit Agreements also contain provisions that restrict our ability, subject to specified exceptions, to, among other things:

We may be unable to comply with these covenants, which could result in a default under the Credit Agreements. In addition, these provisions may limit our ability to conduct and invest in our business, take advantage of business opportunities, and respond to changing business, market, and economic conditions. In addition, they may place us at a competitive disadvantage relative to other companies that may be subject to fewer, if any, restrictions or may otherwise adversely affect our business. Transactions that we may view as important opportunities, such as significant acquisitions or business combinations, may be subject to the consent of the lenders, which consent may be withheld or granted subject to conditions specified at the time that may affect the attractiveness or viability of the transaction. In addition, our Investor Rights Agreement with ROS and Royalty Opportunities (as amended, the “Investor Rights Agreement”) further substantially limits the operation of our business and the ability of our management to conduct and invest in our business.

Our Credit Agreements involve additional risks that may adversely affect our liquidity, results of operations, and financial condition.

Availability of additional term loans under the Term Credit Agreement is based solely on the discretion of MidCap and the lenders, and additional funds are for the purposes agreed to between us, the borrowers and the lenders in advance of the making of loans under this additional tranche. Availability of additional funds under the Revolving Credit Agreement is determined based on a borrowing base equal to percentages of certain accounts receivable and inventory of the borrowers in advance with a formula set forth in the Revolving Credit Agreement. As a result, our access to credit under the Credit Agreements is subject to the discretion of MidCap and the lenders as well as fluctuations to our accounts receivable and inventory. Our inability to borrow additional amounts under the Credit Agreements if and when we need them may adversely affect our liquidity, results of operations, and financial condition.

Our outstanding indebtedness under the Credit Agreements bears interest at variable rates, which subjects us to interest rate risk and could increase the cost of servicing our indebtedness. The impact of increases in interest rates, such as interest rate increases stemming from the Federal Reserve’s recent and planned increases to the target range for the federal funds rate, could be more significant for us than it would be for some other companies because of the amount of our outstanding indebtedness, thereby affecting our profitability.

Upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an event of default under the Credit Agreements, MidCap may terminate its commitments to lend additional money thereunder and declare all amounts outstanding thereunder to be immediately due and payable. Subject to certain exceptions, amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreements are secured by a senior first priority security interest in substantially all existing and after-acquired assets of our Company and each borrower. Accordingly, under certain circumstances, MidCap could seek to enforce security interests in our assets securing our indebtedness under the Credit Agreements, including restricting our access to collections on our accounts receivable. Any acceleration of amounts due under our Credit Agreements or the exercise by MidCap of its rights under the security documents, would have a material adverse effect on us.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

If we lose any future intellectual property lawsuits, a court could require us to pay significant damages or prevent us from selling our products.

The medical device industry is litigious with respect to patents and other intellectual property rights. Companies in the medical device industry have used intellectual property litigation to gain a competitive advantage. Legal proceedings, regardless of the outcome, could drain our financial resources and divert the time and effort of our management. If we lose this litigation or any other similar legal proceedings of which we may become subject, a court could require us to pay significant damages to third parties, indemnify third parties from loss, require us to seek licenses from third parties, pay ongoing royalties, redesign our products, or prevent us from manufacturing, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing our products. While we do not believe that any of our products infringe any valid claims of patents or other proprietary rights held by others, we have been subject to patent infringement claims in the past. There can be no assurances that we do not infringe any patents or other proprietary rights. In addition to being costly, protracted litigation to defend or prosecute our intellectual property rights could result in our customers or potential customers deferring or limiting their purchase or use of the affected products until resolution of the litigation.

If our patents and other intellectual property rights do not adequately protect our products, we may lose market share to our competitors and be unable to operate our business profitably.

We rely on patents, trade secrets, copyrights, know-how, trademarks, license agreements, and contractual provisions to establish our intellectual property rights and protect our products. These legal means, however, afford only limited protection and may not completely protect our rights. For example, competitors may be able to design around some of our intellectual property rights to develop competing but non-infringing technologies. In addition, we cannot be assured that any of our pending patent applications will issue. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (or an applicable foreign intellectual property office) may deny or require a significant narrowing of the claims in its pending patent applications and the patents issuing from such applications. Any patents issuing from pending patent applications may not provide us with significant commercial protection or sufficient commercial protection to prevent competitors from utilizing similar but non-infringing technologies. We could incur substantial costs in proceedings before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. These proceedings could result in adverse decisions as to the priority of our inventions and the narrowing or invalidation of claims in issued patents. In addition, the laws of some of the countries in which our products are or may be sold may not protect our intellectual property to the same extent as U.S. laws or at all. We also may be unable to protect our rights in trade secrets and unpatented proprietary technology in these countries. Additionally, patents and certain other intellectual property rights are not perpetual, and third parties will be able to utilize the subject rights upon expiration.

In addition, we hold licenses from third parties that are necessary to utilize certain technologies used in the design and manufacturing of some of our products. The loss of such licenses could prevent us from manufacturing, marketing, and selling these products, which could harm our business. If we, or the other parties from whom we would license intellectual property, fail to obtain and maintain adequate patent or other intellectual property protection for intellectual property used in our products, or if any protection is reduced or eliminated, others could use the intellectual property used in our products, resulting in harm to our competitive business position.

We seek to protect our trade secrets, know-how, and other unpatented proprietary technology, in part, with confidentiality agreements with our employees, independent distributors, and consultants. We cannot be assured, however, that the agreements will not be breached, adequate remedies for any breach would be available, or our trade secrets, know-how, and other unpatented proprietary technology will not otherwise become known to or independently developed by our competitors.

We may not be able to obtain or protect our proprietary rights relating to our products without resorting to costly and time-consuming litigation.

We may not be able to obtain, maintain and protect certain proprietary rights necessary for the development and commercialization of our products or product candidates. Our commercial success will depend in part on obtaining and maintaining patent protection on our products, successfully asserting these patents against competitors employing infringing technology, and successfully defending these patents against third-party challenges. Even if our patents cover a competing technology, a competitor may not accede to our demands to cease and desist or license our patent rights, which will then require us to pursue costly and time-consuming litigation. Even if we were successful in any such litigation, a court may not issue an injunction, or the infringing competitor may alter its technology to no longer infringe. Our ability to commercialize our products will also depend in part on the patent positions of third parties, including those of our competitors. The patent positions of medical device and biotechnology companies can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. Accordingly, we cannot predict with certainty the scope and breadth of patent claims that may be afforded to other companies’ patents. We could incur substantial costs in litigation if we are required to defend against patent suits brought by third parties, or if we initiate suits to protect our patent rights. Such suits that we may need to defend extend beyond suits by our competitors and may include patent assertion entities, which acquire and assert patents as a means to generate income, due to the expensive nature of patent litigation. In the ordinary course of litigation, attorney fees are not recoverable.

In addition to the risks involved with patent protection, we also face the risk that our competitors will infringe on our trademarks. Any infringement could lead to a likelihood of confusion and could result in lost sales. Similarly, while we are cautious to avoid infringing the rights of third parties, we cannot control a third party asserting its trademarks against us. There can be no assurance that we will prevail in any claims we make to protect our intellectual property, or in defense of any claims brought against us.

Future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain which may impact our ability to successfully compete in our industry. The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain. We cannot ensure that:

Risks Related to Information Technology, Cybersecurity and Data Protection

We are dependent on various information technology (“IT”) systems, and failures of, interruptions to, or unauthorized tampering with those systems could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We rely extensively on IT systems to conduct business. These systems include, but are not limited to, ordering and managing materials from suppliers, converting materials to finished products, invoicing and shipping products to customers, processing transactions, summarizing and reporting results of operations, complying with regulatory, legal or tax requirements, and providing data security and other processes necessary to manage our business. During 2022, we implemented an upgrade to our enterprise resource planning system. In 2022 and 2023, we installed a new firewall to better protect from network intrusions, hired a Network and Security Administrator, and engaged a third-party service provider to perform an internal penetration test in order to identify and address vulnerabilities. Additionally, we introduced always-on VPN in an effort to better restrict off-campus network access in light of the increase in the number of our employees working remotely in recent years, enhanced our monitoring and control capabilities, and hardened our cloud computing cyber security footprint. However, if our systems are damaged or cease to function properly due to any number of causes, ranging from catastrophic events to power outages to security breaches, and our business continuity plans do not effectively compensate for these events on a timely basis, we may suffer interruptions in our ability to manage operations. Increased global cybersecurity vulnerabilities, threats and more sophisticated and targeted cybersecurity attacks pose a risk to the security of our systems and networks and those of our customers, suppliers, independent sales agents, distributors and third-party service providers, and the confidentiality, availability and integrity of any underlying information and data. Our work from home arrangements, as well as those of our third-party service providers, may increase cybersecurity risks related to phishing, malware, and other similar cybersecurity attacks. We have programs, processes and technologies in place to prevent, detect, contain, respond to and mitigate security related threats and potential incidents. We undertake considerable ongoing improvements to our IT systems in order to minimize vulnerabilities, in accordance with industry and regulatory standards. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access change frequently and can be difficult to detect, anticipating, identifying or preventing these intrusions or mitigating them if and when they occur may be challenging. Although we have been the target of cyber incidents in the past, the aggregate impact of these incidents on our operations and financial condition has not been material to date. However, in light of the fact that cybersecurity threats have been rapidly evolving in sophistication and prevalence, no assurance can be provided that we will not become subject to future attacks, especially when our cybersecurity protection is dependent at least to some extent on the lack of human error. New SEC rules related to cybersecurity risk management may further increase our regulatory burden and the cost of compliance in such events.

Our IT systems require an ongoing commitment of significant resources to maintain, protect and enhance existing systems and develop new systems to keep pace with continuing changes in information processing technology, evolving systems and regulatory standards. We also outsource certain elements of our IT systems to third parties that, as a result of this outsourcing, could have access to certain confidential information and whose systems may also be vulnerable to these types of attacks or disruptions. There can be no assurance that our protective measures or those of these third parties will prevent or detect security breaches that could have a significant impact on our business, reputation, operating results and financial condition. The failure of these systems to operate or integrate effectively with other internal, customer, supplier or third-party service provider systems and to protect the underlying IT system and data integrity, including from cyber-attacks, intrusions or other breaches or unauthorized access of these systems, or any failure by us to remediate any such attacks or breaches, may also result in damage to our reputation or competitiveness, delays in product fulfillment and reduced efficiency of our operations, and could require significant capital investments to remediate any such failure, problem or breach, all of which could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. We maintain cyber liability insurance; however, this insurance may not be sufficient to cover the financial, legal, business or reputational losses that may result from an interruption or breach of our systems.

Risks Related to Our Controlled Company Status

Funds affiliated with OrbiMed own a significant percentage of our common stock, have the right to designate a majority of our Board of Directors, and are able to exert significant control over matters subject to stockholder approval, preventing other stockholders and new investors from influencing significant corporate decisions.

ROS and Royalty Opportunities collectively owned approximately 56.2% of our outstanding common stock as of December 31, 2023. We are party to the Investor Rights Agreement, under which ROS and Royalty Opportunities are permitted to nominate a majority of the directors and designate the chairperson of our Board of Directors at subsequent annual meetings, as long as they maintain an ownership threshold in our Company of at least 40% of our then outstanding common stock. If ROS and Royalty Opportunities are unable to maintain this ownership threshold, the Investor Rights Agreement contemplates a reduction of nomination rights commensurate with their ownership interests. In addition, under the Investor Rights Agreement, for so long as the ownership threshold is met, we must obtain the approval of a majority of our common stock held by ROS and Royalty Opportunities to proceed with the following actions: (i) issue new securities; (ii) incur over $250,000 of debt in a fiscal year; (iii) sell or transfer over $250,000 of our assets or businesses or our subsidiaries in a fiscal year; (iv) acquire over $250,000 of assets or properties in a fiscal year; (v) make capital expenditures over $125,000 individually, or $1,500,000 in the aggregate during a fiscal year; (vi) approve our annual budget; (vii) appoint or remove the chairperson of our Board of Directors; and (viii) make loans to, investments in, or purchase, or permit any subsidiary to purchase, any stock or other securities in another entity in excess of $250,000 in a fiscal year. The Investor Rights Agreement also grants ROS and Royalty Opportunities the right to purchase from us a pro rata amount of any new securities that we may propose to issue and sell.

Because of their significant share ownership and control, OrbiMed has the ability to exert substantial influence or actual control over our management and affairs and over substantially all matters requiring action by our stockholders and Board of Directors, including amendments to our Charter, Third Amended and Restated Bylaws (“Bylaws”), election and removal of directors, future issuances of our common stock or other securities, payment of dividends, if any, on our common stock, the incurrence or modification of indebtedness by us, any proposed merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets and other corporate transactions, as well as certain day-to-day decisions involved in operating our business, such as annual operating plans, capital expenditures and other investments in our business. The interests of OrbiMed may not be aligned with management’s views on the operation of our business or the interests of our other stockholders. In addition, OrbiMed and their affiliates may have an interest in pursuing acquisitions, divestitures and other transactions or not pursuing such transactions that, in their judgment, could enhance or reduce their investment, even though such transactions might involve risks to our other stockholders. For example, OrbiMed could cause us to make acquisitions that increase our indebtedness or cause us to sell revenue-generating assets. In addition, OrbiMed and their affiliates are able to determine the outcome of all matters requiring stockholder approval and are able to cause or prevent a change of control of our Company or a change in the composition of our Board of Directors and could preclude any acquisition of our Company. This concentration of voting control could deprive our other stockholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares of common stock as part of a sale of our Company and ultimately might affect the market price of our common stock.

We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NYSE American rules and rely on exemptions from various corporate governance requirements that provide protection to stockholders of other companies.

We are a “controlled company” as defined in section 801(a) of the NYSE American Company Guide because more than 50% of the combined voting power of all of our outstanding common stock is beneficially owned by OrbiMed Advisors LLC. As a “controlled company,” we are exempt from certain NYSE American rules requiring our Board of Directors to have a majority of independent members, a compensation committee composed entirely of independent directors and a nominating committee composed entirely of independent directors. These independence standards are intended to ensure that directors who meet those standards are free of any conflicting interest that could influence their actions as directors. While we currently have a majority of independent directors on the Board of Directors, an independent nomination and governance committee or an independent compensation committee, we may in the future elect to rely on NYSE American’s controlled company exemptions. Accordingly, our stockholders do not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of the NYSE American rules.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

Shares of our common stock are equity securities and are subordinate to our outstanding indebtedness.

Shares of our common stock are common equity interests. This means that our common stock will rank junior to any outstanding shares of our preferred stock that we may issue in the future or to the indebtedness under our Credit Agreements and any future indebtedness we may incur and to all creditor claims and other non-equity claims against us and our assets available to satisfy claims on us, including claims in a bankruptcy or similar proceeding. Additionally, unlike indebtedness, where principal and interest customarily are payable on specified due dates, in the case of our common stock, (i) dividends are payable only when and if declared by our Board of Directors, and (ii) as a corporation, we are restricted to making dividend payments and redemption payments out of legally available assets. We have never paid a dividend on our common stock and have no current intention to pay dividends in the future. In addition, our Credit Agreements preclude us from paying dividends. Furthermore, our common stock places no restrictions on our business or operations or on our ability to incur indebtedness or engage in any transactions, subject only to the voting rights available to stockholders generally.

Our inability to comply with the continued listing requirements of the NYSE American could result in our common stock being delisted, which could affect its market price and liquidity and reduce our ability to raise capital.

We are required to meet certain qualitative and financial tests to maintain the listing of our common stock on the NYSE American. If we do not maintain compliance with the continued listing requirements for the NYSE American within specified periods and subject to permitted extensions, our common stock may be recommended for delisting (subject to any appeal we would file). No assurance can be provided that we will continue to comply with these continued listing requirements. If our common stock were delisted, it could be more difficult to buy or sell our common stock and to obtain accurate quotations, and the price of our stock could suffer a material decline. Delisting would also impair our ability to raise capital.

The market price of our common stock is extremely volatile, which may affect our ability to raise capital in the future and may subject the value of the investment of our stockholders to sudden decreases.

The market price for securities of medical device and biotechnology companies, including ours, historically has been highly volatile, and the market from time to time has experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are unrelated to the operating performance of such companies. The trading volume and prices of our common stock have been and may continue to be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors both within and beyond our control. During 2023, the sale price of our common stock ranged from $0.58 to $1.39 per share, and our daily trading volume ranged from 1 thousand to 790 thousand shares. Such volatility may be the result of broad market and industry factors. Future fluctuations in the trading price or liquidity of our common stock may harm the value of the investment of our stockholders in our common stock. Factors that may have a significant impact on the market price and marketability of our common stock include, among others:

In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted. These lawsuits often seek unspecified damages, and as with any litigation proceeding, one cannot predict with certainty the eventual outcome of pending litigation. Furthermore, we may have to incur substantial expenses in connection with any such lawsuits and our management’s attention and resources could be diverted from operating our business as we respond to any such litigation. We maintain insurance to cover these risks for us and our directors and officers, but our insurance is subject to high deductibles to reduce premium expense, and there is no guarantee that the insurance will cover any specific claim that we currently face or may face in the future, or that it will be adequate to cover all potential liabilities and damages.

Our actual operating results may differ significantly from our guidance, which could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

We recently initiated the issuance of guidance regarding our future performance, such as our anticipated annual revenue, that represents our management’s estimates as of the date of release. This guidance, which consists of forward-looking statements, is prepared by our management and is qualified by, and subject to, the assumptions and the other information contained or referred to in the release. Our guidance is not prepared with a view toward compliance with published guidelines of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, and neither any independent registered public accounting firm nor any other independent expert or outside party compiles, examines or reviews the guidance and, accordingly, no such person expresses any opinion or any other form of assurance with respect thereto.

Guidance is based upon a number of assumptions and estimates that, while presented with numerical specificity, is inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control and are based upon specific assumptions with respect to future business decisions, some of which will change. We generally state possible outcomes as high and low ranges which are intended to provide a sensitivity analysis as variables are changed but are not intended to represent that actual results could not fall outside of these ranges. The principal reason that we release this data is to provide a basis for our management to discuss our business outlook with analysts and investors. We do not accept any responsibility for any projections or reports published by any such persons.

Guidance is necessarily speculative in nature, and it can be expected that some or all of the assumptions of the guidance furnished by us will not materialize or will vary significantly from actual results. Accordingly, our guidance is only an estimate of what management believes is realizable as of the date of release. Actual results will vary from the guidance and the variations may be material. Investors should also recognize that the reliability of any forecasted financial data will diminish the farther in the future that the data are forecast. In light of the foregoing, investors are urged to put the guidance in context and not to place undue reliance on it.

Any failure to successfully implement our operating strategy or the occurrence of any of the events or circumstances set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K could result in the actual operating results being different than our guidance, and such differences may be adverse and material. The failure to achieve such guidance could disappoint investors and analysts and cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

We may issue additional common stock resulting in stock ownership dilution.

From time to time, we issue equity securities to raise additional financing and in connection with debt restructurings. During 2023, we issued in a private placement approximately 20.0 million shares of common stock at a purchase price of $0.75 per share. Future dilution may occur due to additional future equity issuances and/or equity financing events by us, including any potential future restructuring of our outstanding indebtedness. In addition, we may raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, which would further dilute the ownership interests of our stockholders. As of December 31, 2023, we had outstanding warrants to purchase approximately 12,187,470 shares of our common stock, stock options to purchase 1,472,013 shares of our common stock, restricted stock unit awards covering 1,102,473 shares of our common stock and deferred stock unit awards covering 653,310 shares of our common stock under the Xtant Medical Holdings, Inc. 2023 Equity Incentive Plan, stock options to purchase 3,403,192 shares of our common stock and restricted stock unit awards covering 3,403,192 shares of our common stock under the Xtant Medical Holdings, Inc. Second Amended and Restated 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, options to purchase 623 shares of our common stock under our prior equity compensation plan, and 9,968,106 shares available for issuance under the Xtant Medical Holdings, Inc. 2023 Equity Incentive Plan. If these or any future warrants, options or restricted stock units are exercised or otherwise converted into shares of our common stock, our stockholders will experience additional dilution.

The sale or availability for sale of substantial amounts of our common stock or other equity securities could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock or a preferred stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and could materially impair our ability to raise capital through equity offerings in the future. We cannot predict what effect, if any, market sales of securities beneficially owned by OrbiMed or any other stockholder or the availability of these securities for future sale will have on the market price of our common stock.

If securities analysts stop publishing research or reports about us or our business, or if they downgrade our common stock, the trading volume and market price of our common stock could decline.

The market for our common stock relies in part on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us or our business. We do not control these analysts. If any analyst who covers us downgrades our stock or lowers its future stock price targets or estimates of our operating results, our stock price could decline rapidly. Furthermore, if any analyst ceases to cover our Company, we could lose visibility in the market. Each of these events could, in turn, cause our trading volume and the market price of our common stock to decline.

Anti-takeover provisions in our organizational documents and agreements may discourage or prevent a change in control, even if a sale of the Company could be beneficial to our stockholders, which could cause our stock price to decline and prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Several provisions of our Restated Certificate of Incorporation (“Charter”) and Third Amended and Restated Bylaws (“Bylaws”) and our Investor Rights Agreement could make it difficult for our stockholders to change the composition of our Board of Directors, preventing them from changing the composition of management. In addition, several provisions of our Charter and Bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition that our stockholders may consider favorable. These provisions include:

These anti-takeover provisions could substantially impede the ability of our stockholders to benefit from a change in control and, as a result, could materially adversely affect the market price of our common stock and the ability of our stockholders to realize any potential change-in-control premium.

Our Board of Directors is authorized to issue and designate shares of our preferred stock without stockholder approval.

Our Charter authorizes our Board of Directors, without the approval of our stockholders, to issue up to 10 million shares of our preferred stock, subject to limitations prescribed by applicable law, rules and regulations and the provisions of our Charter, as shares of preferred stock in series, to establish from time to time the number of shares to be included in each such series and to fix the designation, powers, preferences and rights of the shares of each such series and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof. The powers, preferences and rights of these series of preferred stock may be senior to or on parity with our common stock, which may reduce its value.

Our Charter designates the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the exclusive forum for certain litigation that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit the ability of our stockholders to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us.

Our Charter provides that, unless we consent in writing to an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, (or, if the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware does not have subject matter jurisdiction, a state court located within the State of Delaware or, if no state court located within the State of Delaware has subject matter jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware), will be the exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising under any provision of the DGCL, our Charter or our Bylaws, or (iv) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal-affairs doctrine. Furthermore, unless we consent in writing to an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall be, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any security of Xtant will be deemed to have notice of and consented to these provisions. This provision may limit the ability of our stockholders to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us.

We have never paid dividends and do not expect to do so in the foreseeable future.

We have not declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. The payment of dividends in the future will be dependent on our earnings and financial condition and on such other factors as our Board of Directors considers appropriate. Unless and until we pay dividends, stockholders may not receive a return on their shares of our common stock. There is no present intention by our Board of Directors to pay dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business. In addition, the terms of our Credit Agreements preclude us from paying dividends. As a result, appreciation, if any, in the market price of our common stock will be the sole source of gain for our stockholders for the foreseeable future.

General Risk Factors

Worldwide economic and market conditions, including with respect to financial institutions, and social unrest could adversely affect our revenue, liquidity, financial condition, or results of operations.

The health of the global economy, and the credit markets and the financial services industry in particular, as well as the stability of the social fabric of our society, affects our business and operating results. Economic slowdowns, periods of high inflation, periods of rising interest rates and recessions, as well as disruptions in access to bank deposits or lending commitments due to bank failures, could materially and adversely affect our revenue, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations. For example, the 2023 closures of Silicon Valley Bank, Signature Bank and First Republic Bank and their placement into receivership with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) created bank-specific and broader financial institution liquidity risk and concerns. Although depositors at these institutions continued to have access to their funds, future adverse developments with respect to specific financial institutions or the broader financial services industry may lead to market-wide liquidity shortages. The failure of any bank with which we deposit our funds or otherwise do business could reduce the amount of cash we have available for our operations or delay our ability to access such funds. Any such failure may increase the possibility of a sustained deterioration of financial market liquidity, or illiquidity at clearing, cash management and/or custodial financial institutions. In the event we have a commercial relationship with a bank that fails or is otherwise distressed, we may experience delays or other issues in meeting our financial obligations. If other banks and financial institutions enter receivership or become insolvent in the future in response to financial conditions affecting the banking system and financial markets, our ability to access our cash and cash equivalents and investments may be threatened and could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. Additionally, the credit and financial markets may be adversely affected by the war between Russia and Ukraine and measures taken in response thereto, as well as the war between Israel and Hamas. If the credit markets are not favorable, we may be unable to raise additional financing when needed or on favorable terms. Our customers may experience financial difficulties or be unable to borrow money to fund their operations, which may adversely impact their ability to purchase our products or to pay for our products on a timely basis, if at all. In addition, adverse economic conditions, such as the lingering economic impacts of COVID-19, supply chain disruptions, labor shortages and persistent inflation, and measures taken in response thereto, including interest rate increases, could also adversely impact our suppliers’ ability to provide us with materials and components, which may negatively impact our business. As with our customers and vendors, these economic conditions make it more difficult for us to accurately forecast and plan our future business activities.

Climate change, or legal, regulatory or market measures to address climate change, may materially adversely affect our financial condition and business operations.

Climate change resulting from increased concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere could present risks to our future operations from natural disasters and extreme weather conditions, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, wildfires or flooding. Concern over climate change could result in new legal or regulatory requirements designed to report, reduce or mitigate the effects of greenhouse gases, as well as more stringent regulation of water rights. For example, in March 2024, the SEC adopted new climate disclosure rules, which require new disclosure in certain SEC filings about material climate-related risks, activities to mitigate or adapt to such risks, board oversight of climate-related risks and management’s role in managing material climate-related risks, and climate-related targets and goals. The new climate disclosure rules have been the subject of multiple legal challenges, so the extent to which the new rules will go into effect remains uncertain. We are currently assessing the impact of the new rules, but at this time, we cannot predict the costs of implementation or any potential adverse impacts resulting from the new rules. However, we may incur increased costs relating to the assessment and disclosure of climate-related risks and increased litigation risks related to disclosures made pursuant to the new rules, either of which could materially and adversely affect our future results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, inconsistency of regulations at the state level in the states in which we operate may affect the costs of compliance with such legal or regulatory requirements.

In addition, public company stockholders are increasingly sensitive to the climate change impacts and mitigation efforts of companies, are increasingly seeking enhanced disclosure on the risks, challenges, governance implications, and financial impacts of climate change faced by companies and are demanding that companies take a proactive approach to addressing perceived environmental risks, including risks associated with climate change, relating to their operations. Adverse publicity or climate-related litigation that impacts us could have a negative impact on our business.

Changes in accounting standards, policies, or assumptions utilized in determining accounting estimates could adversely affect our financial statements, including our operating results and financial condition.

In preparing our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), we must make decisions that impact our results of operations and/or financial condition. Such decisions include the selection of the appropriate accounting principles to be applied and the assumptions on which to base accounting estimates. In reaching such decisions, we apply judgments based on our understanding and analysis of the relevant circumstances, historical experience, and expert valuations, as appropriate. As a result, actual amounts could differ from those estimated at the time our consolidated financial statements are prepared. Our critical accounting estimates are described later in this report under Part II. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. In addition, various authoritative accounting or regulatory entities, including the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), and the SEC may amend, expand, and/or eliminate the financial accounting or reporting standards that govern the preparation of our consolidated financial statements or could reverse their previous interpretations or positions on how various financial accounting and/or reporting standards should be applied. We disclose the impact of accounting pronouncements that have been issued but not yet adopted within our Annual and Quarterly Reports on Form 10-K and Form 10-Q, respectively. However, we do not provide an assessment of proposed accounting pronouncements, as such proposals are subject to change through the exposure process and therefore, we cannot meaningfully assess their effects on our consolidated financial statements. Future changes to accounting standards could modify the accounting policies and procedures that are currently utilized in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. Such changes may be difficult to predict and implement and could materially, or otherwise, impact how we prepare and report our consolidated financial statements, results of operations, and financial condition.

The requirements of being a public company, including compliance with the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the NYSE American, may strain our resources and divert management’s attention, and we may be unable to comply with these requirements in a timely or cost-effective manner.

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and the corporate governance standards of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the NYSE American. These requirements place a strain on our management, systems and resources and we will continue to incur significant legal, accounting, insurance and other expenses. The Exchange Act requires us to file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition within specified time periods and to prepare a proxy statement with respect to our annual meeting of stockholders. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting. The NYSE American requires that we comply with various corporate governance requirements. To maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting and comply with the Exchange Act and NYSE American requirements, significant resources and management oversight are required. This may divert management’s attention from other business concerns and lead to significant costs associated with compliance, which could have a material adverse effect on us and the market price of our common stock. Furthermore, as we grow our business both organically and through acquisitions, our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting will become more complex, and we may require significantly more resources to ensure that these controls and procedures remain effective. For example, as a result of the control deficiencies in the design and implementation of our internal control over financial reporting that related to our recent acquisitions, which constituted two material weaknesses, we will be allocating additional resources to our internal control over financial reporting, as described in greater detail under the heading Part II. Item 9A. “Controls and Procedures.”

These laws and regulations could also make it more difficult or costly for us to obtain certain types of insurance, including director and officer liability insurance, and we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. These laws and regulations could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our Board of Directors or its committees or as our executive officers. Advocacy efforts by stockholders and third parties may also prompt even more changes in governance and reporting requirements. We cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of these costs. Furthermore, if we are unable to satisfy our obligations as a public company, we could be subject to delisting of our common stock, fines, sanctions and other regulatory action and potentially civil litigation.

Scrutiny and evolving expectations from customers, regulators, investors, and other stakeholders with respect to our environmental, social and governance practices may impose additional costs on us or expose us to new or additional risks.

Public companies are facing scrutiny from customers, regulators, investors, and other stakeholders related to their environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) practices and disclosure. Investor advocacy groups, investment funds and influential investors are also focused on these practices, especially as they relate to the environment, climate change, health and safety, supply chain management, diversity, labor conditions and human rights, both in our own operations and in our supply chain. Increased ESG-related compliance costs could result in material increases to our overall operational costs. Our ESG practices may not meet the standards of all of our stakeholders and advocacy groups may campaign for further changes. A failure, or perceived failure, to adapt to or comply with regulatory requirements or to respond to investor or stakeholder expectations and standards could negatively impact our business and reputation and have a negative impact on the trading price of our common stock.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Background

Cybersecurity, data privacy, and data protection are critical to our business. In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store certain confidential information such as information about our employees, contractors, vendors, customers, suppliers, independent sales agents and distributors. We have processes in place for assessing, identifying, and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats, and we monitor the Company’s overall security score to assess performance and identify areas for improvement. In recent years, we have installed a new firewall to better protect from network intrusions, hired a Network and Security Administrator, and engaged a third-party service provider to perform an internal penetration test in order to identify and address vulnerabilities. Additionally, we introduced always-on VPN in an effort to better restrict off-campus network access in light of the increase in the number of our employees working remotely in recent years, enhanced our monitoring and control capabilities, and hardened our cloud computing cyber security footprint. Management continually re-assesses the Company’s cybersecurity risk environment based on changing circumstances and new information identified by its monitoring, scanning and testing as well as third party resources.

Risk Management and Strategy

Our processes for assessing, identifying, and managing cybersecurity threats have been integrated into the our overall risk management processes. The information provided by these processes facilitates management’s ongoing assessment of our cybersecurity risk environment and provides current and accurate information regarding cybersecurity risks to management, our Audit Committee and Board of Directors to allow appropriate management of such risks through remediation or other risk mitigation activities.

We maintain a cybersecurity program that is designed to identify, protect from, detect, respond to, and recover from cybersecurity threats and risks, and protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of its information systems, including the information residing on such systems. The National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework helps us inform our cybersecurity agenda and prioritize our cybersecurity activities. We take a risk-based approach to cybersecurity, which begins with the identification and evaluation of cybersecurity risks or threats that could affect our operations, finances, legal or regulatory compliance, or reputation. The scope of our evaluation encompasses risks that may be associated with both our internally managed IT systems and key business functions and sensitive data operated or managed by third-party service providers. Once identified, cybersecurity risks and related mitigation efforts are prioritized based on their potential impact, likelihood, velocity, and vulnerability, considering both quantitative and qualitative factors. Risk mitigation strategies are developed and implemented based on the specific nature of each cybersecurity risk. These strategies include, among others, the application of cybersecurity policies and procedures, implementation of administrative, technical, and physical controls, and employee training, education, and awareness initiatives.

Role of Management

Management has implemented risk management structures, policies and procedures and is responsible for our day-to-day cybersecurity risk management. Our Director of Information Technology, Chris Dennis, is responsible for our day-to-day assessment and management of cybersecurity risks. Mr. Dennis has served as our Director of Information Technology since June 2019. Mr. Dennis additionally is the founder of a data privacy consulting company and has over 20 years of experience in the data management space. We have implemented a number of processes which allow Mr. Dennis and his team to be informed about and monitor the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents. These processes include, among other things, system alerts of potential malicious cyber activity, access to real-time dashboards that monitor and assess our systems, status reports provided on a daily, weekly and monthly basis, and regular ongoing communications with service providers regarding potential new attack vectors and vulnerabilities. Mr. Dennis and his team share such information with our management team and reports information about such risks to our Audit Committee.

Use of Consultants and Advisors

We engage various third-party cybersecurity service providers to assess and enhance our cybersecurity practices and assist with protection and monitoring of our systems and information, including with respect to protection of our e-mail, system access, network monitoring, endpoint protection, vulnerability assessments and penetration testing. We engage cybersecurity consultants, auditors, and other third parties to assess and enhance our cybersecurity practices, such as a third party consulting firm to perform tabletop exercises and evaluate our cyber processes including an assessment of our incident response procedures.

Board Oversight

The Board of Directors, both directly and through the delegation of responsibilities to the Audit committee oversees the proper functioning of our cybersecurity risk management program. In particular, the Audit Committee assists the Board of Directors in its oversight of management’s responsibility to assess, manage and mitigate risks associated with the Company’s business and operational activities, to administer the Company’s various compliance programs, in each case including cybersecurity concerns, and to oversee our information technology systems, processes and data. The Audit Committee, which is comprised entirely of independent directors, is responsible for periodically reviewing and assessing with management (i) the adequacy of controls and security for our information technology systems, processes and data, and (ii) our contingency plans in the event of a breakdown or security breach affecting our information technology systems, it being understood that it is not possible to eliminate all such risks and that the Company will necessarily face a variety of risks with respect to information technology in the conduct of its business. The Audit Committee is additionally responsible for reviewing the cybersecurity disclosures required to be included in our filings with the SEC.

The Audit Committee reviews a cybersecurity dashboard at its regularly held meetings, which includes certain information about overall security, employee training, and other statistics. Members of our management team often attend these discussions, and the Audit Committee has requested that Mr. Dennis provide updates at two of its meetings annually. The management team and/or Audit Committee, in turn, regularly provide data protection and cybersecurity reports to the full Board of Directors.

Although none of the members of the Audit Committee has any work experience, degree, or certifications related to information security or cybersecurity, the Audit Committee works closely with members of our employee team with relevant expertise, and we have engaged third-party service providers to further enhance our cybersecurity efforts.

Risks from Material Cybersecurity Threats

Although we have taken steps to prevent and mitigate data security threats, there can be no assurance that our protective measures and those of our third party service providers will prevent or detect security breaches that could have a significant impact on our business, reputation, operating results and financial condition. We maintain cyber liability insurance; however, this insurance may not be sufficient to cover the financial, legal, business or reputational losses that may result from an interruption or breach of our systems. As of the date of this filing, we have not identified any cybersecurity threats that have materially affected or are reasonably anticipated to have a material effect on our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. Although we have not experienced cybersecurity incidents that are individually, or in the aggregate, material, we have experienced cyberattacks in the past, which we believe have thus far been mitigated by preventative, detective, and responsive measures we have put in place. See the factors described in the “Part I. Item 1.A. Risk Factors” section of this Form 10-K for further detail about the cybersecurity risks we face. Maintaining a robust information security system is an ongoing priority for us and we plan to continue to identify and evaluate new, emerging risks to data protection and cybersecurity both within our Company and through our engagement of third-party service providers.

Item 2. Properties

Our headquarters and manufacturing facility are located at 664 Cruiser Lane, Belgrade, Montana 59714. We also have two other facilities on the Montana campus, located at 600 Cruiser Lane, Belgrade, Montana 59714, and at 732 Cruiser Lane, Belgrade, Montana 59714. All our properties are leased.

We lease an approximately 14,000 square foot facility at 664 Cruiser Lane, Belgrade, Montana, which expires in October 2025. This building is an FDA registered facility with a Class 10,000 (ISO 7) environmentally controlled area. The validated manufacturing areas and laboratory facilities located in this facility provide processing, final packaging and testing space to manufacture medical devices pursuant to FDA, GMP regulations, and ISO 13485:2003. The facility is registered with the FDA for device design, device manufacture, and contract manufacture, as well as for screening, testing, storing, and distributing biological tissues. We also lease approximately 17,700 square feet in a building located at 600 Cruiser Lane, Belgrade, Montana. This space includes six Class 100 (ISO 5) clean rooms, a fully equipped diagnostics laboratory, microbiology laboratory and testing laboratory. We lease the building under a ten-year operating lease which expires in October 2025 and has a ten-year renewal option. We also lease approximately 21,000 square feet in a building located at 732 Cruiser Lane, Belgrade, Montana, where one Class 1,000 (ISO 6) clean room is located, which expires in October 2025. We also lease an approximately 2,000 square foot facility in San Diego, California, which houses certain innovation and design functions and other corporate functions, which expires in December 2026.

In connection with our acquisition of certain assets of Surgalign Holdings and its subsidiaries, we acquired a lease for a 13,000 square foot facility in Wurmlingen, Germany, which is used for marketing, distribution, product development and general administrative functions of the international subsidiaries we acquired from Surgalign Holdings. The lease for our Wurmlingen, Germany, facility expires in February 2025.

In connection with our acquisition of the nanOss production operations from RTI, we acquired the lease for the approximately 15,000 square foot nanOss production facility located in Greenville, North Carolina. The lease expires in June 2024.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Our legal proceedings are discussed in Note 14 – Commitments and Contingencies in the notes to our consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-K.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

Our common stock is listed on the NYSE American under the ticker symbol “XTNT.” The closing sale price to our common stock on March 25, 2024 was $1.04 per share.

Holders of Record

As of March 25, 2024, we had 166 holders of record.

Dividends

We have not paid any cash dividends and do not expect to do so in the foreseeable future. In addition, our credit agreements with MidCap preclude us from paying dividends.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

We did not sell any unregistered equity securities of our Company during the quarter ended December 31, 2023.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

We did not purchase any shares of our common stock or other equity securities of our Company during the quarter ended December 31, 2023.

Item 6. Reserved

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis provides material historical and prospective disclosures intended to enable investors and other users to assess our financial condition and results of operations. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Some of the numbers included herein have been rounded for the convenience of presentation. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those discussed in the “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and under the heading “Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors.”

Business Overview

We develop, manufacture and market regenerative medicine products and medical devices for domestic and international markets. Our products serve the specialized needs of orthopedic and neurological surgeons, including orthobiologics for the promotion of bone healing, implants and instrumentation for the treatment of spinal disease. We promote our products in the United States through independent distributors and stocking agents, supported by direct employees.

We have an extensive sales channel of independent commissioned agents and stocking distributors in the United States representing some or all of our products. We also maintain a national accounts program to enable our agents to gain access to integrated delivery network hospitals (“IDNs”) and through group purchasing organizations (“GPOs”). We have biologics contracts with major GPOs, as well as extensive access to IDNs across the United States for both biologics and spine hardware systems. While our focus is the United States market, we promote and sell our products internationally through direct sales representatives and stocking distribution partners in Canada, Mexico, South America, Australia, and certain Pacific region countries.

We have focused and intend to continue to focus primarily on four key growth initiatives: (1) introduce new products; (2) expand our distribution network; (3) penetrate adjacent markets; and (4) leverage our growth platform with technology and strategic acquisitions. While the intent of these four key growth initiatives is to increase our future revenues, no assurance can be provided that we will be successful in implementing these growth initiatives or increasing our future revenues.

Recent Acquisitions

Coflex and CoFix Product Lines

On February 28, 2023, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding capital stock of Surgalign SPV, Inc. (“Surgalign SPV”), a then indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Surgalign Holdings, Inc. (“Surgalign Holdings”), which held certain intellectual property, contractual rights and other assets related to the design, manufacture, sale and distribution of the Coflex and CoFix products in the United States, for an aggregate purchase price of $17.0 million in cash. The Coflex and CoFix products have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) for the treatment of moderate to severe lumbar spinal stenosis in conjunction with decompression and provide minimally invasive, motion preserving stabilization.

Surgalign Holdings’ Hardware and Biologics Business

On August 10, 2023, we completed the acquisition of certain additional assets of Surgalign Holdings and its subsidiaries on an as-is, where-is basis, including specified inventory, intellectual property and intellectual property rights, contracts, equipment and other personal property, records, all outstanding equity securities of Surgalign Holdings’ international subsidiaries, and intangibles related to the business of designing, developing and manufacturing hardware medical technology and distributing biologics medical technology, as conducted by Surgalign Holdings and its subsidiaries, and certain specified liabilities of Surgalign Holdings and its subsidiaries pursuant to an Asset Purchase Agreement, dated June 18, 2023, between Surgalign Holdings and us (as amended, the “Surgalign Asset Purchase Agreement”). Pursuant to the Surgalign Asset Purchase Agreement, we were able to acquire Surgalign Holdings’ broad portfolio of spinal hardware implants, including solutions for fusion procedures in the lumbar, thoracic, and cervical spine, motion preservation solutions for the lumbar spine, and a minimally invasive surgical implant system for fusion of the sacroiliac joint. Additionally, we were able to acquire Surgalign Holdings’ biomaterials portfolio of advanced and traditional orthobiologics. These offerings complement our portfolio of orthobiologics and spinal implant fixation systems. This transaction was conducted through a process supervised by the United States Bankruptcy Court in connection with Surgalign Holdings’ bankruptcy proceedings. We funded the purchase price of $5 million with cash on hand. This transaction resulted in a gain on bargain purchase due to the estimated fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired exceeding the purchase consideration transferred by $11.7 million and is shown as a gain on bargain purchase on our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023. The bargain purchase was primarily attributable to the transaction occurring as part of bankruptcy proceedings.

RTI Surgical, Inc.’s nanOss Production Operations

On October 23, 2023, we acquired the nanOss production operations from RTI Surgical, Inc. (“RTI”) pursuant to an Asset Purchase Agreement dated October 23, 2023 between us and RTI (the “RTI Asset Purchase Agreement”). Under the terms of the RTI Asset Purchase Agreement, we acquired certain assets, including equipment and inventory, used in RTI’s synthetic bone graft business and assumed from RTI the lease for the nanOss production facility located in Greenville, North Carolina. The purchase price for the assets was $2 million in cash plus a low single digit royalty on sales prior to October 23, 2028 of next generation nanOss products. We previously acquired the nanOss distribution rights and nanOss intellectual property with the acquisition of assets related to the biologics and spinal fixation business of Surgalign Holdings, as described above.

Results of Operations

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022

The following table sets forth our results of operations for 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

Revenue

Total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased 58% to $91.3 million compared to $58.0 million for the prior year. This increase is attributed primarily to the contribution of additional sales resulting from the acquisition of the Surgalign Holdings’ hardware and biologics business, greater independent agent sales, the additional Coflex and CoFix product sales and opportunistic private label sales, in each case during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales consists primarily of manufacturing cost, product purchase costs and depreciation of surgical instruments. Cost of sales also includes reserves for estimated excess inventory, inventory on consignment that may be missing and not returned, and reserves for estimated missing and damaged consigned surgical instruments. Cost of sales increased by 39%, or $10.0 million, to $35.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $25.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase is primarily due to higher sales levels.

Gross profit as a percentage of revenue increased to 60.8% for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 55.4% for the year ended December 31, 2022. Of this increase, 620 basis points were due to greater scale and improved production efficiency, 290 basis points were due to sales mix, partially offset by 340 basis points due to higher production costs.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs for corporate employees, cash-based and stock-based compensation related costs, amortization, and corporate expenses for legal, accounting and other professional fees, as well as occupancy costs. General and administrative expenses increased 67%, or $10.4 million, to $25.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $15.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase is primarily attributable to additional expense of $4.3 million related to various compensation plans, $2.0 million of additional legal and other professional fees resulting primarily from acquisition related activities, $1.4 million of additional amortization of intangible assets associated with the Coflex and CoFix product lines and $1.1 million of consulting fees resulting primarily from acquisition related activities.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of sales commissions, personnel costs for sales and marketing employees, costs for trade shows, sales conventions and meetings, travel expenses, advertising and other sales and marketing related costs. Sales and marketing expenses increased 71%, or $15.9 million, to $38.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $22.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase was due primarily to additional independent agent commissions expense of $9.8 million resulting from higher sales, $5.1 million of additional expense associated with various compensation plans and additional expense of $0.9 million associated with trade shows and travel.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses consist primarily of internal costs for the development of new product technologies. Research and development expenses increased 46%, or $0.4 million, to $1.3 million for year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $0.9 million for the year end December 31, 2022. This increase resulted primarily from increased headcount due to additional personnel hired in connection with our acquisitions.

Interest Expense

Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $1.2 million to $2.9 million as compared to $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase resulted primarily from increases to the base interest rate applied to our debt instruments and the additional borrowing of $5.0 million under our term loan agreement in February 2023 in connection with our acquisition of Surgalign SPV and the Coflex and CoFix product lines. We expect that our annualized interest expense will increase approximately $0.1 million for every 50 basis points of increase to the reference rate associated with our credit agreements.

Benefit (Provision) for Income Taxes Current and Deferred

Income tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $1.7 million compared to income tax expense of $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This change resulted primarily from the tax benefit associated with the release of the valuation allowance resulting from recognition of deferred tax liabilities in purchase accounting.

Net Income (Loss)

We recognized net income of $660 thousand during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to a net loss of $8.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to the $11.7 million gain on bargain purchase recognized as a result of our acquisition of Surgalign Holdings’ hardware and biologics business in connection with bankruptcy proceedings.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Working Capital

Since our inception, we have financed our operations primarily through operating cash flows, private placements of equity securities and convertible debt, debt facilities, common stock rights offerings, and other debt transactions. The following table summarizes our working capital as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

Cash Flows

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $9.5 million compared to $5.3 million provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase in net cash used in operating activities relates primarily to the increase in accounts receivable balance.

Net cash used in investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $24.8 million and $1.6 million, respectively. This increase relates primarily to the use of $17.0 million of cash for the acquisition of Surgalign SPV, $5.6 million of cash for the acquisition of Surgalign Holdings’s hardware and biologics business and $2.0 million of cash for the acquisition of nanOss production operations from RTI Surgical, Inc.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $19.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which was primarily attributable to $14.0 million of net proceeds resulting from our July 2023 private placement of common stock and $4.7 million of net proceeds from the issuance of long term debt, net of issuance costs. Net cash provided by financing activities was $9.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was primarily attributable to $9.3 million of proceeds from the private placement of common stock and common stock warrants, net of issuance costs.

Current and Prior Credit Facilities

On March 7, 2024, the Company, as guarantor, and certain of our subsidiaries, as borrowers (collectively, the “Borrowers”), entered into an Amended and Restated Credit, Security and Guaranty Agreement (Term Loan) (the “Term Credit Agreement”) and an Amended and Restated Credit, Security and Guaranty Agreement (Revolving Loan) (the “Revolving Credit Agreement” and, together with the Term Credit Agreement, the “Credit Agreements”) with MidCap Financial Trust and MidCap Funding IV Trust, each in its respective capacity as agent, and lenders from time to time party thereto. These Credit Agreements amend and restate the Credit, Security and Guaranty Agreement, dated as of May 6, 2021 (Term Loan), as amended (the “Prior Term Credit Agreement”), and the Credit, Security and Guaranty Agreement, dated as of May 6, 2021 (Revolving Loan), as amended (the “Prior Revolving Credit Agreement” and, together with the Prior Term Credit Agreement, the “Prior Credit Agreements”), in each case, by and among the Borrowers, the Company and MidCap Financial Trust and MidCap Funding IV Trust, as respective agents, and the lenders from time to time party thereto.

The Term Credit Agreement provides for a secured term loan facility (the “Term Facility”) in an aggregate principal amount of $17.0 million (the “Term Loan Commitment”), which was previously funded under the Prior Term Credit Agreement, and an additional $10.0 million tranche available solely at the discretion of MidCap Financial Trust and the lenders, for the purposes agreed to between the Company, the Borrowers and the lenders in advance of the making of loans under such additional tranche. The Revolving Credit Agreement provides for a secured revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Facility,” and, together with the Term Facility, the “Facilities”) under which the Borrowers may borrow up to $17.0 million (such amount, the “Revolving Loan Commitment”) at any one time, the availability of which is determined based on a borrowing base equal to percentages of certain accounts receivable and inventory of the Borrowers in accordance with a formula set forth in the Revolving Credit Agreement. All borrowings under the Revolving Facility are subject to the satisfaction of customary conditions, including the absence of default, the accuracy of representations and warranties in all material respects and the delivery of an updated borrowing base certificate.

The Facilities have a maturity date of March 1, 2029 (the “Maturity Date”). Each of the Borrowers, and the Company, as guarantor, are jointly and severally liable for all of the obligations under the Facilities on the terms set forth in the Credit Agreements. The Borrowers’ obligations, and the Company’s obligations as a guarantor, under the Credit Agreements are secured by first-priority liens on substantially all of their assets, including, without limitation, all inventory, equipment, accounts, intellectual property and other assets of the Company and the Borrowers. As of December 31, 2023, we had $4.0 million outstanding and $3.3 million of availability under the Prior Revolving Credit Agreement.

The loans and other obligations pursuant to the Credit Agreements will bear interest at a per annum rate equal to the sum of the SOFR Interest Rate, as such term is defined in the Credit Agreements, plus the applicable margin of 6.50% in the case of the Term Credit Agreement, and an applicable margin of 4.50% in the case of the Revolving Credit Agreement, subject in each case to a floor of 2.50%. As of December 31, 2023, the effective rate of the Prior Term Credit Agreement, inclusive of authorization of debt issuance costs and accretion of the final payment, was 14.42%, and the effective rate of the Prior Revolving Credit Agreement was 9.94%.

The Credit Agreements contain affirmative and negative covenants customarily applicable to senior secured credit facilities, including covenants that, among other things, limit or restrict the ability of the Borrowers, subject to negotiated exceptions, to incur additional indebtedness and additional liens on their assets, engage in mergers or acquisitions or dispose of assets, pay dividends or make other distributions, voluntarily prepay other indebtedness, enter into transactions with affiliated persons, make investments, and change the nature of their businesses. In addition, the Credit Agreements require the Borrowers and the Company to maintain net product revenue at or above minimum levels and to maintain a certain minimum liquidity level, in each case as specified in the Credit Agreements. As of December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all covenants under the Prior Credit Agreements.

Cash Requirements

We believe that our $5.9 million of cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2023, together with amounts available under the Facilities, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements through at least March 2025. However, we may require or seek additional capital to fund our future operations and business strategy prior to March 2025. Accordingly, there is no assurance that we will not need or seek additional financing prior to such time.

We may elect to raise additional financing even before we need it if market conditions for raising additional capital are favorable. We may seek to raise additional financing through various sources, such as equity and debt financings, additional debt restructurings or refinancings, or through strategic collaborations and license agreements. We can give no assurances that we will be able to secure additional sources of funds to support our operations, or if such funds are available to us, that such additional financing will be sufficient to meet our needs or on terms acceptable to us. This is particularly true if economic and market conditions deteriorate.

To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities or the restructuring or refinancing of our debt, the interests of our current stockholders may be diluted, and the terms may include discounted equity purchase prices, warrant coverage, liquidation or other preferences or rights that would adversely affect the rights of our current stockholders. If we issue common stock, we may do so at purchase prices that represent a discount to our trading price and/or we may issue warrants to the purchasers, which could further dilute our current stockholders. If we issue preferred stock, it could adversely affect the rights of our stockholders or reduce the value of our common stock. In particular, specific rights or preferences granted to future holders of preferred stock may include voting rights, preferences as to dividends and liquidation, conversion and redemption rights, sinking fund provisions, and restrictions on our ability to merge with or sell our assets to a third party. Additional debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. Prior to raising additional equity or debt financing, we may be required to obtain the consent of MidCap under our Credit Agreements and/or ROS and Royalty Opportunities under our Investor Rights Agreement with them, and no assurance can be provided that they would provide such consent, which could limit our ability to raise additional financing and the terms thereof.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Information regarding recent accounting pronouncements is included in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Critical Accounting Estimates

All of our significant accounting policies and estimates are described in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Certain of our more critical accounting estimates require the application of significant judgment by management in selecting the appropriate assumptions in determining the estimate. By their nature, these judgments are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty. We develop these judgments based on our historical experience, terms of existing contracts, our observance of trends in the industry, information provided by our customers, and information available from other outside sources, as appropriate. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumption conditions.

We believe that the following financial estimates are both important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and require subjective or complex judgments. Further, we believe that the items discussed below are properly recorded in our consolidated financial statements for all periods presented. Our management has discussed the development, selection, and disclosure of our most critical financial estimates with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors and with our independent registered public accounting firm. The judgments about those financial estimates are based on information available as of the date of our financial statements. Those financial estimates include:

Business Combinations

When applicable, we account for the acquisition of a business in accordance with the accounting standards codification guidance for business combinations, whereby the total consideration transferred is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including amounts attributable to non-controlling interests, when applicable, based on their respective estimated fair values as of the date of acquisition. Goodwill represents the excess of consideration transferred over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired in a business combination.

Assigning estimated fair values to the net assets acquired requires the use of significant estimates, judgments, inputs, and assumptions regarding the fair value of domestic and international assets and liabilities, including intangible assets that are separately identifiable from goodwill, inventory, and property, plant, and equipment. While the ultimate responsibility for determining estimated fair values of the acquired net assets resides with management, for material acquisitions, we may retain the services of certified valuation specialists to assist with assigning estimated fair values to certain acquired assets and assumed liabilities, including intangible assets that are separately identifiable from goodwill, inventory, and property, plant, and equipment. Estimated fair values of acquired intangible assets that are separately identifiable from goodwill, inventory, and property, plant, and equipment are generally based on available historical information, future expectations, available market data, and assumptions determined to be reasonable but are inherently uncertain with respect to future events, including economic conditions, competition, technological obsolescence, the useful life of the acquired assets, and other factors. These significant estimates, judgments, inputs, and assumptions include, when applicable, the selection of an appropriate valuation method depending on the nature of the respective asset, such as the income approach, the market or sales comparison approach, or the cost approach; estimating future cash flows based on projected revenues and/or margins that we expect to generate subsequent to the acquisition; applying an appropriate discount rate to estimate the present value of those projected cash flows we expect to generate; selecting an appropriate terminal growth rate and/or royalty rate or estimating a customer attrition or technological obsolescence factor where necessary and appropriate given the nature of the respective asset; assigning an appropriate contributory asset charge where needed; determining an appropriate useful life and the related depreciation or amortization method for the respective asset; and assessing the accuracy and completeness of other historical financial metrics of the acquiree used as standalone inputs or as the basis for determining estimated projected inputs such as margins, customer attrition, and costs to hold and sell product.

In determining the estimated fair value of intangible assets that are separately identifiable from goodwill, we typically utilize the income approach, which discounts the projected future cash flows using a discount rate that appropriately reflects the risks associated with the projected cash flows. Generally, we estimate the fair value of acquired customer relationships using the relief from royalty method under the income approach, which is based on the hypothetical royalty stream that would be received if we were to license the acquired trade name. For most other acquired intangible assets, we estimate fair value using the excess earnings method under the income approach, which is typically applied when cash flows are not directly generated by the asset, but rather, by an operating group that includes the particular asset. In certain instances, particularly in relation to developed technology or patents, we may utilize the cost approach depending on the nature of the respective intangible asset and the recency of the development or procurement of such technology. The useful lives and amortization methods for the acquired intangible assets that are separately identifiable from goodwill are generally determined based on the period of expected cash flows used to measure the fair value of the acquired intangible assets and the nature of the use of the respective acquired intangible asset, adjusted as appropriate for entity-specific factors including legal, regulatory, contractual, competitive, economic, and/or other factors such as customer attrition rates and product or order lifecycles that may limit the useful life of the respective acquired intangible asset. In determining the estimated fair value of acquired inventory, we typically utilize the cost approach for raw materials and the sales comparison approach for work in process, finished goods, and service parts. In determining the estimated fair value of acquired property, plant, and equipment, we typically utilize the sales comparison approach or the cost approach depending on the nature of the respective asset and the recency of the construction or procurement of such asset.

We may refine the estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, if necessary, over a period not to exceed one year from the date of acquisition by taking into consideration new information that, if known as of the date of acquisition, would have affected the estimated fair values ascribed to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The judgments made in determining the estimated fair value assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed, as well as the estimated useful life and depreciation or amortization method of each asset, can materially impact the net earnings of the periods subsequent to an acquisition through depreciation and amortization, and in certain instances through impairment charges, if the asset becomes impaired in the future. During the measurement period, any purchase price allocation changes that impact the carrying value of goodwill will affect any measurement of goodwill impairment taken during the measurement period, if applicable. If necessary, purchase price allocation revisions that occur outside of the measurement period are recorded within cost of sales, selling expenses or general and administrative expenses within our consolidated statements of operations depending on the nature of the adjustment.

As of December 31, 2023, our controls designed surrounding the completeness and accuracy of information utilized in determining the open balance sheet fair value of inventory, which includes the establishment of inventory reserves, related to the acquisition of the hardware and biologics business of Surgalign Holdings, Inc. were insufficient and did not operate at an appropriate level of precision. The resulting material weaknesses are described in greater detail under the heading Part II. Item 9A. “Controls and Procedures.”

Inventory Valuation

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the specific identification method and includes materials, labor and overhead. We calculate an inventory reserve for estimated obsolescence and excess inventory based on historical usage and sales, as well as assumptions about anticipated future demand for products. A significant sustained decrease in demand could result in an increase in the amount of excess inventory quantities on hand. Additionally, our industry is characterized by regular new product development and introductions that could result in an increase in the amount of obsolete inventory quantities on hand due to cannibalization of existing products. Our estimates for excess and obsolete inventory are reviewed and updated on a quarterly basis. Our estimates of anticipated future product demand may prove to be inaccurate in which case we may be required to incur charges for excess and obsolete inventory. Increases in our inventory reserves result in a corresponding expense, which is recorded to cost of sales. We believe the total reserve at December 31, 2023 is adequate.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

This Item 7A is inapplicable to Xtant as a smaller reporting company.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Board of Directors and Shareholders
Xtant Medical Holdings, Inc.

Opinion on the financial statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Xtant Medical Holdings, Inc. (a Montana corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical audit matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Opening balance sheet inventory fair values over the acquisition of Surgalign Holdings, Inc.’s Hardware and Biologics business

As described further in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, on August 10, 2023 the Company completed the acquisition (the “Transaction”) of the assets of Surgalign Holdings, Inc. (“Surgalign Holdings”), and its subsidiaries previously used in Surgalign Holdings, Inc’s hardware and biologics business, for $5 million in cash consideration. The Transaction was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting under Accounting Standards Codifications (“ASC”) 805, Business Combinations. The fair values assigned to inventories at the acquisition date were $15,300,000. We identified the determination of saleable inventory quantities on acquisition date, which is a critical input used to determine the fair value of inventory, as a critical audit matter.

The principal considerations for our determination that the fair value of inventories acquired in the Transaction is a critical audit matter are that there are significant judgments, estimates, and assumptions made by management to estimate their fair values. This required a high degree of auditor judgment and increased extent of effort when performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of the recorded fair values of inventories.

Our audit procedures related to the fair value of inventory recorded in the Transaction included the following, among others.

/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2023.

Minneapolis, Minnesota
April 1, 2024

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of

Xtant Medical Holdings, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Xtant Medical Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended; and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (the “PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Plante & Moran, PLLC

We served as the Company’s auditor from 2011 to 2023.

Denver, Colorado

March 7, 2023

XTANT MEDICAL HOLDINGS, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(In thousands, except number of shares and per share amounts)